Bank-based Financial Intermediation for Financial Inclusion and Inclusive

AbstractionFiscal Inclusion for inclusive growing is a subject of modern-day significance and relevancy. This survey besides set uping the growing heightening function of bank-based fiscal intermediation through empirical grounds has besides found that entree to finance by the hapless is a requirement for poorness decrease in order to accomplish inclusive growing and sustainable economic development. The survey has evaluated utilizing appropriate statistical techniques the impact of fiscal inclusion attempts on the inclusive growing in the instance of a developing economic system like India by sing the most dependable informations for the period from 1975 to 2007. The theoretical and empirical analysis leads us to reason that bank led fiscal inclusion has unequivocal advantages for inclusive growing in developing economic systems. Keywords: Government Policy and Regulation, Economic Development and Fiscal Markets ; Financial Inclusion ; Institutions and Growth JEL Classification: G20 ; G21 ; G28 ; O16 ; O43 ; O53 Research Article: dated 22nd September 2010. *Dr. Vighneswara Swamy, Faculty Member, IBS-Hyderabad, INDIA, www.ibshyderabad.org Electronic mail: vighneswar @ ibsindia.org, Telephone: +91-09705096919Bank-based Financial Intermediation for Financial Inclusion and Inclusive GrowthI. IntroductionAmartya Sen ( 2000 ) argued convincingly that poorness is non simply deficient income, instead the absence of wide-ranging capablenesss, including security and ability to lend in economic and political systems. Franklin Roosevelt, the popular president of United States of America in 1932, mentioned the American hapless as the disregarded adult male at the underside of the economic pyramid. The term `bottom of the pyramid ‘ today is referred to the planetary hapless most of whom survive in the development states. These big Numberss of hapless are required to be provided with much needed fiscal aid in order to sail them out of their conditions of poorness. Joseph.E.Stilglitz opines that, if economic growing is non shared throughout society so development has failed. Consequently, there is felt a demand for policy supp ort in imparting the fiscal resources towards the economic upliftment of resource hapless in any developing economic system. This survey is an effort to grok and separate the significance of Financial Inclusion in the context of a underdeveloped state like India wherein a big population is deprived of the fiscal services which are really much necessity for overall economic growing of a state. Our apprehensions and analysis on the subject are presented here below in the undermentioned subdivisions. In Section-II, the importance of `finance ‘ for economic growing has been established with equal literature reappraisal. In subdivision III, inclusive growing and its significance for accomplishing sustainable growing is discussed. Section-IV brings to fore the fiscal inclusion and its dimensions in item. In Section-V, the importance of fiscal inclusion for accomplishing inclusive growing in India is detailed with a statistical analysis. Last, findings and decision is presented in Se ction-VI.II. FINANCE AND GROWTHThe earlier theories of development concentrated on labor, capital, establishments etc. as the factors for growing and development. The taking plants barely included finance as a factor for growing. Since so there has been ample research analysing how fiscal systems aid in developing the economic systems. A wide understanding exists among economic experts that fiscal development prompts economic growing. Financial system development so has a say to economic growing ( Rajan and Zingales ( 2003 ) . Time and once more empirical grounds has emphasized the relationship between finance and growing. Harmonizing to the plants of King and Levine ( 1993a ) and Levine and Zervos ( 1998 ) , at the cross-country degree, grounds suggests that steps of fiscal development are smartly and confidently related to economic growing. Other surveies besides set up affirmatory association between fiscal development and growing. It is so incontrovertible that considerable portion of the differences in long run economic growing across states can be elucidated by disparity in their fiscal development ( Rajan and Zingales, 1998 ) . Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine ( 2006 ) usage Rajan and Zingales ( 1998 ) attack, which provides auxiliary grounds that fiscal development progressively props up the growing of smaller houses which constitute mostly the precedence sector loaning in the instance of Indian Financial sector. Recent study grounds suggests that entree to finance has a direct link with that of invention. Cross-country findings grounds that finance promotes growing through addition in productiveness ( Ayyagari, M. , Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V, 2007 ) . Further, it has besides been revealed that fiscal development plays a important function in chairing the impact of external dazes on the domestic economic s ystem ( Beck, T. , Lundberg, M. and Majnoni, G, 2006 ) . Besides argument refering the function of finance in economic development, economic experts have besides debated the comparative importance of bank-based and market-based fiscal systems for a long clip ( Demirguc-Kunt and Levine, 2001 ) . Joseph Schumpeter argued that Bankss assume a important function in economic development. Harmonizing to this position, the banking sector causes transmutation in the way of economic advancement by comforting the allotment of nest eggs and of class non needfully by changing the salvaging rate. Largely, the Schumpeterian position of finance and development high spots the impact of Bankss on productiveness growing ( Schumpeter, Joseph A, 1934 ) . Banking sector can exert a positive influence on the overall economic system, and hence is of wide macroeconomic importance ( Jaffe and Levonian, 2001, Rajan and Zingales, 1998 ) . It is established that better developed Bankss and markets are closely associated with faster growing ( Christopoulos and Tsionas , 2004 ) . Improved operation of Bankss can be able to hike resource allotment and rush growing ( Levine, R. and S. Zervous 1998 ) . Correspondingly, by helping hazard direction, bettering the liquidness of assets available to rescuers, and by take downing trading costs ; Bankss can inspire investing in possible economic activities ( Greenwood and Smith 1997 ) . Banks do exert important and causal impact on productiveness and growing, which contributes to overall GDP growing. It is besides ascertained by some research workers that the size of the banking sector can be safely considered a good forecaster for future growing, particularly when concentrating on long term undertakings ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) . The research so far has non merely looked at how finance facilitates economic activity but besides societal facets like poorness, hunger etc. The consensus is that finance promotes economic growing but the magnitude of impact differs.III. INCLUSIVE GROWTHDevelopment economic experts and provinces have frequently been for a long clip interested in the relationship between fiscal development and economic growing particularly in the period which is known as the epoch of the Washington Consensus. A turning GDP is an grounds of a society acquiring its corporate act together for advancement. As its economic system grows, a society becomes more strongly organised, more compactly interwoven. Growth is good, Sustained high growing is better and Sustained high growing with inclusiveness is best of all. Inclusive growing in the economic system can merely be achieved when all the weaker subdivisions of the society including agribusiness and little graduated table industries are nurtured and brought on par with other subdivisions of the society in footings of economic development. The major development challenge is to do the growing inclusive. Policies for inclusive growing are critical constituents of bulk of authorities schemes for sustainable growing. Inclusiveness is an indispensable ingredient of any successful growing scheme ( Commission on Growth and Development, 2008 ) . Three pillars of inclusive growing are ; ( I ) Maximise economic chances ( two ) Ensure economic wellbeing and ( three ) Ensure equal chances to economic chances ( Ifzal Ali, 2007 ) . An inclusive growing scheme encompasses the cardinal elements of an effectual poorness decrease scheme and, more significantly, expands the development docket. Developing inclusive fiscal systems which are financially and socially sustainable, as a poorness decrease scheme, should be given precedence ( Amit K Bhandari, 2009 ) . Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine ( 2007 ) have noticed a positive consequence of finance on poorness decrease. Economies with higher degrees of fiscal development experience faster d ecrease of poorness. This has been explained by an extended organic structure of literature including White and Anderson ( 2001 ) and Bourguignon ( 2003 ) . In an frequently cited cross-country survey, Kraay ( 2004 ) proves that growing in mean incomes explains 70 per centum of the fluctuation in poorness decrease ( as measured by the head count ratio ) in the short tally, and every bit much as 97 per centum in the long tally. Lopez and Serven ( 2004 ) suggest that for a given inequality strength, the poorer the state is, the more critical is the growing constituent in explicating poorness decrease. Therefore, just growing is so an jussive mood for inclusive growing.IV. FINANCIAL INCLUSIONImportance of fiscal inclusion arises from the job of fiscal exclusion of about 3 billion people from the formal fiscal services across the universe. The reappraisal of literature apprises that the most functional definitions are context-specific and originate from country-specific jobs of fiscal e xclusion and related socio-economic conditions. Therefore, over a period, assorted definitions of fiscal inclusion/exclusion have developed. However, there is no universally accepted definition on fiscal inclusion. Financial inclusion has normally been chiseled in footings of fiscal exclusion as mensurating it is perceived to be hard. Fiscal exclusion is a complex construct and the issues needed to be pondered include ; differentiation between and entree and use, grade of exclusion and whether single or household that is excluded is. Harmonizing to World Bank ( 2005 ) fiscal exclusion includes four key countries ; Transaction banking, Savings, Credit and Insurance. Broadly, fiscal exclusion can be loosely defined as the inability to entree basic fiscal services owing to complications attach toing with entree, conditions, monetary values, selling or self-exclusion in response to unfavorable experiences or perceptual experiences of persons / entities. The subdivisions that are by and large excluded are ; fringy husbandmans, landless laborers, Unorganized sector, urban slum inhabitants, migrators, cultural minorities, adult females, eastern & A ; cardinal parts of India largely. Some of the grounds for exclusion are: Lack of consciousness, low income, societal exclusion, illiteracy. Sparse population in distant & A ; hilly countries with hapless substructure & A ; deficiency of physical entree. Easy handiness of informal recognition. Documenting processs necessitating cogent evidence of individuality and reference, high charges and punishments, generic merchandises that are presently in the market do non fulfill the demands of the subdivisions that are excluded financially. There is no individual over-riding factor that could explicate fiscal exclusion. It includes a assortment of factors stated above and likely many more. Supply side barriers pose bigger hindrances in the procedure of fiscal inclusion. Some of the important causes of relatively low enlargement of institutional recognition in the rural countries can be risk perceptual experience, high dealing costs, deficiency of substructure, and hard terrains and low denseness of population. Another noticeable factor being the perceptual experience among bankers that big figure of rural population is un-bankable as their capacity to salvage is limited, little loan demands, miniscule border in managing little minutess. Besides, non-availability of Know Your Customer ( KYC ) demands ( documental cogent evidence of individuality and reference ) can be one amongst the barriers in holding a bank history peculiarly for migrators and slum inhabitants ) . Further, unsuitableness of merchandises and services that are offered to the rural people are non tailor- made. For illustration, most of their recognition demands are in signifier of little ball amounts and Bankss are loath to give little sums of loan at frequent intervals. Consequently, they resort to borrowing money from usurers at extortionate rates. Poor market linkage or state incursion of service suppliers besides constitutes the major factors of fiscal exclusion. And besides one more unreasoned perceptual experience amo ng the bankers is that the rural countries have hapless refund record. Global literature explains fiscal exclusion besides in the context of a larger issue of societal exclusion of weaker subdivisions of the society. While Leyshon and Thrift ( 1995 ) explain fiscal exclusion as such procedures those assistance to forestall some societal groups and persons from acquiring entree to the formal fiscal system, Carbo et Al. ( 2005 ) and Conroy ( 2005 ) opine that it is a province of inability of some hapless and deprived societal groups to entree the fiscal system. Mohan ( 2006 ) grounds that fiscal exclusion implies the deficiency of entree by some sections of the society to suitable, low-cost, just and unafraid fiscal merchandises and services from mainstream suppliers. Resulting the logical thinking made above, it can be an indicant that fiscal exclusion occurs largely to people who are the deprived subdivisions of the society. On the demand side, individuals are dissuaded from accessing and utilising dealing banking services for a scope of psychological and cultural grounds. Aged people in rural countries who are portion of a ‘cash merely ‘ coevals, migrators and low income people perceive banking as merely being appropriate for people who are better off than they are and fear losing control of their money if they cease to cover merely in hard currency. One more issue of involvement is whether low degree of fiscal inclusion is associated with high income inequality ( Kempson et al. , 2004 ) . Beck et Al. ( 2007 ) have examined fiscal sector outreach and its factors by using transverse state informations. Even, in the developed economic systems excessively, surveies have revealed that the exclusion from the fiscal system occurs to low-income groups, the cultural minorities, immigrants and others ( Barr, 2004 ; Kempson and Whyley, 1998 ; Connoly and Hajaj, 2001 ) . Surveies by Leyshon and Thrift, ( 1995 ) and Kempson and Whyley ( 2001 ) highlight that the geographical factor that people populating in rural countries and in locations that are distant from fiscal Centres are more likely to be financially excluded. As such, states with low degrees of income inequality tend to hold comparatively high degree of fiscal inclusion ( Buckland et al, 2005 ; Kempson and Whyley, 1998 ) . In other words, the degrees of fiscal inclusion necessarily lift in response to both prosperity and worsening inequalities. Another factor that can be related with fiscal exclusion is employment ( Goodwin et al. , 2000 ) . Recent grounds besides suggests that the continued payment of societal security benefits and the State pension in hard currency is significantly related to fiscal exclusion ( Kempson and Whyley, 1999 ) . Informal sector histories for a significant portion of employment in several less developed states ( ILO, 2002 ) which does non ease the procedure of fiscal inclusion. Formal employment besides entails inclusion and therefore the proportion of formal sector employment would be an critical index of the grade of fiscal inclusion. In the Indian context, Committee on Financial Inclusion in India ( Rangarajan Committee, 2008 ) defines it as the procedure of guaranting entree to fiscal services and timely and equal recognition where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker subdivisions and low income groups at an low-cost cost. † The fiscal services include the full gamut – nest eggs, loans, insurance, recognition, payments etc. The fiscal system has to supply its map of reassigning resources from excess to shortage units but both shortage and excess units are those with low incomes, hapless background etc. By supplying these services, the purpose is to assist them come out of poorness. Measurement of Financial Inclusion is non universally the same. Different states adopt different indexs to mensurate fiscal inclusion. Definitional facets of fiscal inclusion / exclusion and their indexs as recommended by United Nations, World Bank, Committee on Financial Inclusion in India ( Chairman: C. Rangarajan ) , Asian Development Bank [ ADB ] and Treasury Committee, House of Commons, UK are presented in Table-1. In the developed states, the formal fiscal sector serves most of the population, whereas a big section of the society, in developing states, chiefly the low-income group, has modest entree to fiscal services, either officially or informally. Harmonizing to Peachy and Roe ( 2004 ) developed states have experienced good degrees of inclusion. However, it is reported that ( ADB, 2007 ) , in the development states, formal fiscal sectors serve comparatively a little section, frequently non over 20-30 per cent of the population. Recent information ( Table-2 ) illustrate that states with big proportion of fiscal exclusion besides show higher poorness ratios and higher degrees of inequality. Table-3 nowadayss the fiscal inclusion enterprises in different states. Further, the extent of fiscal inclusion in some choice states is illustrated in Table-4.V. FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN INDIAThe importance of this survey lies in the fact that India being a socialist, democratic democr acy, it is imperative on the policies of the authorities to guarantee just growing of all subdivisions of the economic system. With merely 34 % of population engaged in formal banking, India has, 135 million financially excluded families, the 2nd highest figure after China. Further, the existent rate of fiscal inclusion in India is besides really low and about 40 % of the bank history holders use their histories non even one time a month. It is universally opined that the resource hapless need fiscal aid at sensible costs and that excessively with uninterrupted gait. However, the economic liberalisation policies have tempted the fiscal establishments to look for more and more greener grazing lands of concern disregarding the weaker subdivisions of the society. It is indispensable for any economic system to take at inclusive growing affecting each and every citizen in the economic development patterned advance. It is in this context that a survey has to be made to understand the impo rtance of precedence sector loaning in guaranting the inclusive growing in the Indian context. Choice macro-economic and fiscal indexs of Indian economic system are presented here below in Table-5. Based on the well accepted attacks for rating of the coverage of fiscal inclusion and to measure its impact on inclusive growing the survey enterprises to analyze the followers: Spatial Distribution of Banking Services Regional Distribution of Banking Services Impact of Financial Inclusion on Inclusive Growth1. Spatial Distribution of banking ServicessIn order to analyze the spacial distribution of banking services in the state, the available informations for the periods 1991 and 2005 has been verified. Further, bank offices in the state have been classified into Rural and Urban countries. This has been considered in order to acquire a clear apprehension about how the spread of formal banking services has been affected in different parts of the state. In the instance of recognition histories, the status has deteriorated for rural families while showing considerable betterment in the urban countries ( Table-6 ) , confirming the really significant addition in retail recognition.2. Regional Distribution of Banking ServicesAn attempt has been made to analyze the extent of fiscal inclusion in different parts of the state such as Northern, North-Eastern, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern parts apart from All India degree. A purposeful analy sis is made by comparing the information for the period from 1991 to 2005. Further, this information has been farther split into rural and urban countries in the state in order to acquire an exact position about the distribution services in these countries. Further, the analysis is made in footings of population coverage per bank office, Number of Savings histories per population of one hundred and Number of Credit ( loan ) accounts per population of one 100. In footings of fiscal widening, the range for betterment remains. Table-7 illustrates the degree of fiscal inclusion in India with part wise statistics. It is discernable that Southern and Northern parts have population coverage below the national norms. All the other parts in the state have coverage good above the national norm naming for pressing betterment in the population coverage of the population. Again in footings of rural and urban countries at that place has been a distinguishable advancement in the coverage of the po pulation by the bank subdivision offices. Table-7 provides farther lucidity by supplying a break-up of the sedimentation histories. Both the sedimentation and recognition histories are lower in rural families than urban families. Hence despite the rural-push, the rural population has non come frontward and avail even basic banking services3. Impact of Financial Inclusion on Inclusive Growth – An Empirical AnalysisIn order to affect a comprehensive step of fiscal inclusion in the Indian context, we consider Priority Sector Lending as a important step of fiscal inclusion and its deepening. We are of the sentiment that, mere gap of bank history would non be a true index of fiscal inclusion, but availment of fiscal services, more significantly ; the much needed recognition for the excluded subdivisions of the society would decidedly picture the step of fiscal inclusion. Further, this step would run into the demands of the definition for measuring of Financial Inclusion provided b y United Nations, wherein it is said that the index should mensurate the â€Å" Access to recognition, insurance, nest eggs and payment services † . Priority Sector Lending as an index in our survey addresses all the above facets. In position of this an effort has been made to set up the relationship of precedence sector loaning ( as a step of fiscal inclusion ) with the indexs of inclusive growing such as rural poorness. Rural poorness is considered to portray inclusive growing as more than 70 per centum of India lives in rural countries. The needed informations for the analysis is obtained mostly from the most dependable and official beginnings such as Reserve Bank of India web site, NABARD web site, India Development Report 2008 and other related beginnings. Economic reforms in Indian economic system were initiated in the twelvemonth 1991-92. As such, to cover equal figure of old ages of precedence sector loaning and inclusive growing during pre and post-Liberalisation period, informations for the period from 1974-75 to 2007-08 has been analysed for understanding the tendencies. For the intent of analysis the most popular statistical step Multiple Regression ( OLS ) Analysis is used ( Andrea Vaona, 2005, Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008 have besides used the same sort of analysis for similar surveies ) . The aim of this subdivision of the paper is to place the determiners of Inclusive Growth which can be captured in Rural Poverty ( RU_POV ) ( measured in per centum against that of the entire population in rural countries and these figures are provided by the Census of India informations ) in India and determine the impact of Priority Sector Lending ( PSL ) on rural poorness in India. Priority Sector Lending in the Indian context refers to the bank recognition under the directed loaning towards the private houses and persons which is an of import parametric quantity that determines the step of development that can significantly lend to inclusive growing ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) . Domestic Savings ( SAV ) ( measured in Rupees in Crores ) is included as a determiner in order to account for the statement that savings propels economic activity in the system at big and helps in inclusive growing procedure ( Beck, Levine and Loayza 2000 ) . Rural Employment is one of the important steps of ec onomic development and accordingly of inclusive growing. A greater degree of rural employment can be taken as grounds of greater economic development ( Cole Shawn, 2007 ) . In acknowledgment of this statement, Employment in Rural Primary sector ( EMP_RP ) ( expressed in million Numberss ) is included as one of determiners to analyze their impact on inclusive growing. Agricultural Production is another of import determiner that affects the inclusive growing procedure in rural India. As a big population of weaker subdivisions of the society still depends to a big extent on agribusiness, Agricultural Production ( AGRI_PRO ) ( expressed in Kilograms/hectare ) determines their upward motion in the income ladder ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 besides considered production as an of import variable in a similar survey ) . Consequently, agricultural production is besides considered as a determiner in the analysis. There is besides an incontestable statement that overall recognition has profound impact on inclusive growing procedure ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) . In position of this, Credit to Gross Domestic Product ( CRED_GDP ) ( measured as a ratio in per centum to GDP ) is included as a determiner. If there is an addition in Per Capita Income ( PCI ) ( measured as per capita NNP at factor cost expressed in Crores in Rupees ) there surely will be an addition in inclusive growing procedure. As such, Per Capita Income ( every bit used as a determiner in a similar analysis by Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008 ) is normally recognized step of criterion of life of people and accordingly is a major factor that enhances inclusive growing and hence it is included in the analysis. 1The arrested development theoretical account can be ;Y = I ± + I?1X1 + aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ + I?nXn + A µ — — — – & gt ;2Accordingly, Rural Poverty can be better explained and estimated with the undermentioned version of equation ; RU_POV = ?’ ( PSL, SAV, EMP_RP, AGRI_PRO, CRED_GDP, PCI ) + A µ — — — & gt ; In order to command for other factors associated with economic growing non linked to fiscal development, the arrested development consequences are presented by utilizing a simple conditioning information set, including the invariable, the logarithm of all explanatory variables. Due to possible nonlinearities, the natural logarithms of the regressors are considered ( Levine, Loazya and Beck, 2000 ) . Consequently, when we log-transform this theoretical account we obtain:3Log ( RU_POV ) = I ± + log ( PSL, SAV, EMP_RP, AGRI_PRO, CRED_GDP, PCI ) + A µÃ¢â‚¬â€ — – & gt ;‘I ± ‘ represents the ‘Y intercept ‘ , I?1, aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦I’n represent the several arrested development coefficients for explanatory variables X1 aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Xn and ‘A µ ‘ represents the error term. Where, ‘Y ‘ represents the ‘RU_POV ‘ , i.e, Rural Poverty and ‘X1 ‘ , ‘X2 ‘ , aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. , ‘X14 ‘ represent the forecaster variables and ‘I?1 ‘ , ‘I?2 ‘ , aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ , ‘I?n ‘ represent the partial arrested development coefficients of ‘PSL ‘ i.e, ‘Priority Sector Lending ‘ , ‘SAV'-Savings, ‘EMP_RP'-Employment in Rural Primary sector, ‘AGRI_PRO'-Agr icultural production, ‘CRED_GDP'-Credit to Gross Domestic Product and ‘PCI'-Per Capita Income severally. ‘A µ ‘ represents the ‘error term ‘ . The consequences of analysis are presented in Table-8 for the period from the twelvemonth 1977 to 2007. Deducing from the consequences of this analysis, it can be concluded that Priority sector loaning has important impact on rural poorness. Graphic presentation of the tendency of precedence sector loaning in the pre liberalization period from 1974-75 to 1990-91 and post liberalization period from 1991-92 to 2006-07 is illustrated in Figure-1. It is clearly apparent from the figure that precedence sector loaning has taken a bit by bit upward traveling curve bespeaking a steady rise in the station liberalization epoch. Further, the Nature and strength of the impact of the assorted determiners on Inclusive growing are captured in Table-9. A graphical presentation of the tendency of the inclusive growing in India is presented in Figure-2. It is orchestrated by the rhythmic forward motion tendencies of the above discussed determiners during the survey period. Rural Poverty is on a worsening tendency more pronouncedly during the station liberalization period.VI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONThe survey has found that Priority Sector Lending has a really high important impact on inclusive growing, which is in line with the findings of Kraay ( 2004 ) and Beck, et all ( 2007 ) . Domestic Savings ( in line with the decisions of Levine, Ross ; Loayza, Norman ; and Beck, Thorsten, 1999 ) , Credit to Gross Domestic Product ( as established by Ayyagari, M. , Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V, 2007, Greenwood and Smith 1997 ) and Per Capita Income ( as stated by Levine, 1998, 1999 ) are found to hold important impact on cut downing rural poorness in India. The theoretical account developed in the survey explains the tendency of rural poorness ( Lopez and Serven, 2004 ) to the extent of 93.5 per centum affecting the of import determiners such as Priority Sector Lending ( Rajan and Zingales 1998 ) , Savings, Employment in Rural Primary sector, Agricultural Production ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) , Credit to Gross Domestic Product ( Andrea Vaona, 2005 ) and Per Capita Income ( Andrea Vaona and Roberto Patuelli, 2008, Srinivasan 1994, Streeten 1994 and Sugden 1993 ) . Further, it is besides demonstrated ( Figure-1 ) that fiscal sector reforms have so had a positive impact on decrease of rural poorness and hence in accomplishing inclusive growing. Fiscal Inclusion has far making effects, which can assist many people come out of low poorness conditions. Fiscal inclusion provides formal individuality, entree to payments system & A ; sedimentation insurance. There is a demand for coordinated action between the Bankss, the authorities and others to ease entree to bank histories amongst the financially excluded.

Free Speech on College Campuses

College is a time when most individuals are experiencing major changes and begin to explore new perspectives. The transition in becoming more independent, creating new insights and peer influence are key factors in changing the perspective of an individual. Students are faced with new ideas from their professors, family and fellow peers. Through that acquired knowledge many students decide that they either agree or disagree with the perspectives that they are taught. Allowing the right of ‘Free Speech’ on public college campuses has become an important issue that many public colleges are starting to address. In college students are capable of informing their peers about issues that are important and controversial. It is important that students are able to maintain this right so they can and inform the student body to promote positive change. Free speech should be allowed on public college campuses because it liberates students to actively engage in controversial issues. ‘Free Speech’ is necessary on college campuses because it allows students to determine their own beliefs and promote positive change. Free speech’ can be interpreted as, â€Å"The ability for students to explore controversial topics and express popular opinions without fear or reprisal† (Schmidt 1). College is an important transition in life because it is an age where students are forced to make their own independent decisions. Students are leaving home for the first time and explore new ideas and establishing their own opinion on current issues that surround them. ‘Free Speech’ is essential because it provides awareness to college campuses and it a proactive way of educating students outside of the classroom. A perfect example of this took place on the campus of University of Oregon, it was a debate whether or not the Pacifica Forum should be allowed to hold meetings in University of Oregon’s classrooms on campus. Although this was not a popular group, the majority of people on campus believed that the Pacifica forum should not be allowed. Despite their opinions, free speech was a great way in this situation for students to rally together and publically inform the rest of campus of their beliefs. In he school newspaper, The Daily Emerald, CJ Ciaramelle wrote â€Å"About 300 students from across the campus community — student unions, Greek Life, the ASUO, the Survival Center, the Women’s Center — showed up at the meeting to protest the Forum† (1). Although the majority of people protested against the forum the right to free speech, it is important because it allows students to make decisions on their own and invite students to do the same. â€Å"Free speech† often has negative connotations because the negative outcomes are publicized more than the positive outcomes. Free Speech’ is a time for individuals to express their beliefs and topic on an important issue. People chose to present themselves in a vast majority of ways such as, holding signs, making t-shirts, shouting, etc. People who chose to present themselves in disrupting ways such as, foul language, inappropriate attire are more likely to be noticed than another student that is holding a simple and respectful sign. Schmidt states, â€Å"Universities cannot censor or suppress speech, no matter how obnoxious in content, without violating their justification of existence† (2). There is no definition of what type of ‘free speech’ should be censored and not allowed. With that said, there should not be a limit on ‘free speech’ because people should be allowed to express themselves despite other peoples thoughts on what is ‘acceptable’. The opposing view would state that ‘free speech’ should not be allowed on college campus because it provides an unsafe learning environment. This is a valid point but limiting students to voice their own opinions on campus forces the opinions of professors onto students. In the article, â€Å"The University and Freedom† written by Benno Schmit, he states, â€Å"The assumption seems to be that the purpose of education is to induce â€Å"correct† opinion rather than to search for wisdom and to liberate the mind† (2). This is a good point suggesting that if students are not allowed to project their opinion, in a sense, it is just another way for Universities to teach by their own views and opinions. The opposition also states that many people are paying for an education so therefore they should have the right to feel safe walking through campus. This is also a valid point, but ‘free speech’ is an opportunity for people to express themselves. If at any point a person expresses himself or herself in a fashion that is unacceptable it then becomes another issue such as harassment, trespassing, indecent exposure, etc. The issue would then be addressed as an independent and different case rather than an act of ‘free speech’. Many ‘free speech’ cases can be very sensitive, but that certainly does not mean that they should not be addressed. It is important that people are not limited to expressing their voice publically because people need to see multiple perspectives then just their own. ‘Free speech’ also provides an opportunity for students to gather together and promote positive change. Allowing a person to publically speak their minds often is seen to be disruptive. Many people do not think about the positive outcomes that ‘Free Speech’ provides. Allowing students to express their opinions often is for the better and creates positive change. It is a proactive way for students to become educated and inform their peers about issues that are happening on campus. This relates to the Pacifica Forum controversy because students were able to express their views using their right of ‘free speech’. A few students were able to educate a majority of students about the Pacifica Forum and were able to force them off of campus. The ASUO president, Emma Kallaway, stated in the Daily Emerald â€Å"This may seem like a small victory in the larger fight, but it’s still a tremendous testament to student power that we were able to force this group out of our student union† (1). This is an example of ‘Free Speech’ providing a positive outcome when students can rally together and use their rights to achieve what they set their minds to do. When students become passionate about a certain issue, many of them use freedom of speech as a productive way to inform their peers in hopes to gain positive change for the community. It is important that people understand that ‘Free Speech’ is an opportunity for students to project their voices to inform and invite more students to do the same. ‘Free Speech† is essential when educating and providing students with knowledge that can be sensitive and controversial. Students should not be limited on what they chose to express. It is important to consider that just because a issue is sensitive and controversial does not mean it should not be discussed. ‘Free speech’ allows students the right to engage and determine their own perspectives when faced with controversial issues in the ‘real life’. ‘Free Speech’ is also extremely important because it is a productive way of informing students to rally together to make a positive change that will contribute to better mankind.

Burj khalifa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Burj khalifa - Research Paper Example Some of the materials used for assembling the building are aluminum, steel, and concrete. It is appealing to recognize that all the aluminum used in the construction can make about five aircrafts. The total length of steel used is equivalent to 293 times Eiffel Tower’s height. Additionally, total amount of concrete used for its construction can construct a concrete pavement of about 2,065 kilometers (The Knowledge 1). The best means of transport that one can use when going to Burj Khalifa is a plane. This trip may take one week because of the travelling process and many places that one has to visit in the building. There are many hotels where one can stay whenever they are not touring. The best hotel around the place is the Armani hotel. The weather around the skyscraper is hot steamy, and this makes the building glass walls to produce water droplets dues to condensation (The Telegraph 1). The water droplets can be collected into the water tank placed at the car park that cools the plants and other landscape features around the building. About 15,000 liters of water that can fill about twenty Olympic-sized pools is usually collected annually due to condensation. During the cold season, there is usually fog and the building rises above the fog. â€Å"The area experience heavy fog during cold seasons because of the areas’ steamy climate â€Å"(The Telegraph 1). Burj Khalifa is one of the major tourist attractions in Dubai. The place is worth visiting because in the modern history, there is no other building that has raised so much curiosity around the world. At the top of this modern architecture, one can experience engineering wonders. One can have a lucid view of the striking world from the top of this building. In the building, there are multimedia presentations that will enable one know many fascinating things the building and about Dubai in general (Burj Khalifa 1). In

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capital Punishment - Essay Example The history of death penalty dates to very ancient times. The earliest recorded evidence of this law comes from the fifth century B.C Roman law of Twelve Tables. This was followed by the Draconian Code of Athens in the seventh century B.C which made death the only sentence of every crime. The history of capital punishment also shows that this law was practiced in England as well. In England, one ruler who is famous for practicing this law was King Henry the eighth who sentenced a lot of people to gruesome death sentences. He did not even spare his wives from this punishment. It is established from history that in every civilized society there has always been a law of death in order to maintain law and order. The verdict of capital punishment has always been a matter of controversy generally because of the way a case is dealt at the court of law. A recent post by the Orlando Sentinel suggested to the state of Florida to change the way a death sentence is practiced. It suggested that instead of the existing law where a meek majority of the jury is sufficient to suggest a death sentence to the presiding judge, it would be better that a unanimous decision would be required to award the death sentence to the convicted person. The report highlights three cases in which individuals were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for crimes which they did not commit. It took at least thirteen years before post-conviction DNA test cleared them from the charges. Such cases where innocent people are sentenced to death raises questions as to whether the individuals who were awarded death sentences in olden times truly criminals as the DNA testing techniques were not developed in those times. (Sepia 2011). Another issue which is raised with regard to death penalty is that whether the death penalty should be exercised or not in this day and age when a lot of emphasis is laid upon human rights. The ongoing case of Bradley Manning is an example. Bradley Manning leaked classified information relating to possible war crimes of the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan in WikiLeaks. The government of the United States has charged him for aiding the enemy which is a dealt with giving a capital punishment in the country. Now a letter has been sent to the president of America, Barack Obama which has been signed by more than 50 European Parliament members. They have stated their demands that Bradley Manning should be put to trial officially rather than being subjected to torture. Furthermore, they have demanded that he should not be given a death penalty (Guardian 2011). There are different places around the world where a ban has been placed on capital punishment. This includes th e state of Oregon in the United States. The governor of Oregon John Kitzhaber has declared suspension of the death sentence and would halt any execution till he is in office. The governor even declined two volunteers who were in death row and were willing to die. Mr. John Kitzhaber stated that this system was wrong and he clearly stated that â€Å"

PR Functions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PR Functions - Case Study Example PR performs both organizational and societal functions influencing internal workers and wife target audience. Organizational detention involves workers and investors, management policies and the Board of Directors, etc. At this level, PR bridges information gaps in distribution channels, help coordinate the total marketing system, and adjust products and services to customer needs. Press releases and investors information are integral components of the communications mix (Apple Home Page 2008). Self-image is a function of societal norms. Group membership and group belonging relate directly to self-esteem and favorable self-image; acceptance and the grant of status by various organizations embellish the phenomenal self. The ability of groups to foster the development of more favorable self-images encourages belonging; the ability of products, symbols, services, communications, and other aspects of the marketing program to enhance the self-image encourages consumption behavior. One of the bases for understanding consumer behavior in its psychological and sociological dimensions, the self-image concept adds an important perspective to economic theories of consumption and is directly related to motivation (Gillin, 2007). At the societal level, Apple addresses all stakeholders including society and potential customers, IT professionals and economists, etc. At this level, the value of information about product characteristics varies directly with buyers' costs of search. When transactions and search costs are sufficiently small, buyers search more intensively and the additional advantage of intensive specialized search diminishes. The opposite is true for those with high search costs. Indeed, if search costs are sufficiently high it may not even pay to enter the differentiated products market at all (Gillin, 2007). The value of attribute information also depends on the difference between each consumer's preferences and market availabilities. If individual consumers exhibit little dispersion in their preferences and search costs, the gross value of advertising product characteristics is small and its net social value may be even negative, for the same reason it was in some of the examples in the sectio n above on advertising and perceptions. Since advance knowledge of attributes allows customers to specialize search activities in the most preferred varieties, the value of catering to particular groups is correspondingly greater when there is greater dispersion in tastes among buyers (Apple Home Page 2008). The aim of PR is to maintain relations with stakeholders and create a unique image of the company. The value and importance of PR is that a buyer cannot afford to investigate all of the alternative qualities of the products in the market. If Apple can increase profit and sales by offering a genuinely superior design and price in comparison with the existing configuration, there remains a possibility of accomplishing a similar result by changing buyers' perceptions of an existing good. So far as individual firms are concerned, these activities have the same initial effects on sales and profit as were examined in the preceding section. But the nature of market equilibrium and the social consequences of such actions are markedly different (Apple Home Page

The philosophy of political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The philosophy of political science - Essay Example Internal sovereignty of state refers to the state’s legal and political supremacy with respect to matters and issues within its nation state territorial borders. For instance, in 1945, many people were tortured and killed in Nuremberg city they were not called criminals they were part of sovereign state. Linked with the concept of sovereignty, is the doctrine of territorial integrity which states that a State has the right to resist any foreign aggression, intervention and invasion within its territorial boundaries. Sovereignty is the main platform for international politics and in basic tenets of the United Nations, which guarantees equality of all States. 3. Describe in detail the different forms of democracy discussed in class and in the text. What criticisms do the opponents of democracy make about this form of government? Democracy is the power for the people by the people. There are two forms of democracy namely; direct and indirect. Direct democracy is a form of democra cy whereby there exists a government of the people for the people. For democracy to develop, it is important to carry out elections to choose a new government. In addition, human rights are not violated by the ruling government. Also, the government has limited lifespan to stay in the office, it has the responsibility to make real choices and decisions and it encourage social welfare to promote productivity. In direct democracy, the citizens participate directly in the political system through voting. Indirect democracy on the other hand is a form of democracy in which the citizens elect or choose a government but following this election have little contribution or no input as to governmental... The essay covers such questions like can the study of politics be correctly called a science? Study of politics since it involves the study of political elements and conducts this study using scientific method. The essay brings up the accuracy of a defenition. The legal definition of the state stipulates that the state is a territorially bound sovereign entity with a government. It is a useful definition because a sovereign state is a state with a prescribed territory on which it practices and exercises internal and external authority. The essay describes in detail the different forms of democracy discussed in class and in the text. What criticisms do the opponents of democracy make about this form of government? Democracy is the power for the people by the people. There are two forms of democracy namely; direct and indirect. The essay also manages to discuss the components of the Functional definition of the state and the concept of state as a nation. State is the only institution i n the world that has sovereignty in that it has the authority or power over many issues. The main role of the leader or the governor in a sovereign state is to keep order by all means either using violence means or force. The essay discusses the characteristics and goals of both totalitarianism and authoritarianism. Why do some believe that these are viable alternatives to democracy? Totalitarianism is a radical form of government whereby there is total control of the people.

Argumentive Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argumentive - Thesis Example The object of this thesis is to diecuss the statement "global warming is not a threat to planet earth†, by a study of both sides of the picture. Thesis: Global Warming Is Not A Threat To Planet Earth Though the proponents of the theory of global warming consider it a threat to the very existence of planet Earth and all its inhabitants, and the same is being propogated by governements and non government organisation; private and public associations; media and politicians; there is another group of scientists strictly adhering to the theory of â€Å"global warming: a natural phenomenon†, The scientists insist that global warming has been a continuous phenomenon irrespective of human activities. Moreover, they refute the global warming threat on the basis of lack of credibility of the techniques routinely used in the science of climatology; which they stress are ill equipped to study and understand the intricacies of weather. One of the major evidences in favour of global w arming being a natural phenomenon is that it has been in existence much before the start of industrial revolution. The concept of hot and cold being relative, if the planet is hot today, there has to be a point of reference; i.e. in comparison to what or when. If we compare the earth temperature to that of 1970s, or to the period spanning 1200 A.D. to the end of 19th century (commonly known as little ice age); yes the planet is warmer (Bradley & Jones, 1993). But in comparison to 1000 A. D. or to more recent 1930s, it is cooler. Infact, since the end of last ice age, 10,700 years ago, there have been seven major phases, four warming and three cooling; one of which is, present warming phase. The melting of glaciers often reported as evidences to global warming threats too can be accounted for by this warm phase or the interglacial phase. The rise in temperature in this phase; 1.5.F is same as that in 1850. Next, greenhouse gases contribute to the phenomenon of global warming in a ver y small measure: 0.2-0.3%, the bigger factors being astronomic, atmospheric and tectonic. The evidence for this comes from the fact that of the CO2 being produced in the atmosphere only a small fraction 3% is manmade. Same holds true for the rest of the green house gases as well; only 18% of methane, 5% of nitrous oxides are manmade (Wallington et al., 2004). So even the most vigorous of human activities can in no way significantly intensify global warming, nor can a complete cessation of activity inhibit it. While its true that a slight warming has been occurring for the past 50 years, but this warming has been mostly noted for night time and winter temperatures. Moreover the warming trend has been more effcetive in the Northern cooler latitudes. This warming like the phase preeceding the little ice age (1000 A.D.) is proving to be beneficial (Bradley & Jones, 1993). On one hand it is levelling the temperatures by making colder regions warmer, on the other hand, it is responsible f or providing longer days, longer seasons and higher CO2 levels for plant growth. This can easily be translated as higher productivity in general, and more agricultural productivity in particular. In light of the above arguments

Technology and Cultural Connections Assignment Essay

Technology and Cultural Connections Assignment - Essay Example Technology, expansive mass media and accelerated communication has virtually removed space barrier. All these have culminated in new developments in individual and social culture. For instance, western culture is oriented towards individual autonomy, independence and differentiation hence, it is more egocentric. On the other hand, much of eastern culture attaches so much value to society i.e. family, community and land (Triandis, 2005). Thus, western culture is individualistic while eastern culture is collective in nature. Combination of these two provides hybrid cultures and new cultures altogether. Globalization has mainly been facilitated by technological advancements. Simpler form of globalization took place in Mediterranean hundreds of years ago. Technological developments in transport and navigation in this region enhanced commercial activities across borders. Globalization was further facilitated by the invention of Script in communication technology. Further developments in communication and transportation gave man greater control over space and thus globalization was spread across globe by empires such as Byzantine Empire. Guttenberg gave a big boost to globalization when he invented the printer. This was followed by invention of newspapers, telegraph by Samuel Morse, telephone by Graham Bell in 1861. Other outstanding historical developments in communication technology included the invention of radio by Hertz and his colleagues. All these contributed to conquest of new lands and introduction of uniform modes of trade and standard modes of communication such as English in non English speaking territories. Other advances in transport and communication technology that gave a boost to globalization included invention of high speed ships and airplanes, television, satellites, fiber optic cable, SWIFT and VSAT (Triandis, 2005). Electromechanical technology refers to things such as radio and television. Computer and internet

Change And Change Management At Sony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Change And Change Management At Sony - Essay Example Sony, an electronics company as indicated in the case underwent very many changes due to the retrogression in economic strength it was experiencing. Two categories of change occur in the company; people related changes and organization related changes. The first change that occurred at the company was the drop in the value of the company share from a high of $150 to a very low value of $25. The drop in the value of the shares of any company is a clear indication that the real value of the company had gone down. In this case, the drop was a very high of 83%. An urgent action was desperately needed here to rescind the situation given that the drop took just three years. The second change was that one of breaking from the norm (cultural change). In 2005, a non-Japanese took over the leadership of the company. This was a change from the normal norm in which only Japanese top management had been in control. Having been in charge of the American unit, he had the record of integration of al l units and creative coherence for a better progression in the country. This was important in that the record was the change that was required in the country and the world as a whole. More change came in after the executive; Howard Stringer took over the top management of the company (leadership change). With the company facing stiff competition from the other companies in the industry; Samsung and Apple, the first change that inevitably followed was streamlining of the company into five production groups. There was need to specialize in electronics, television, DVD recorders, digital imaging and the portable audio. This was stimulated by the fact that some of the companies competing Sony were moving away from the CRO televisions and adapting flat screen television sets. Apple was embracing the killer iPhone which had so many properties that it was almost full taking over the market. Every change was coming with the resultant consequences which were dubbed change in themselves. Elev en plants were closed and 10,000 employees were laid off. According to Cordrey (2010), such a step is taken to remain with the most effective personnel in operation. When he joined the company, Stringer found out that the decision making process was autonomous across all the units. The autonomy, he found out was creating internal strife and imbalance. This autonomy was inclusive of the key decisions of the company. On this, the change he made was that of centralizing all decision making processes in the company. Over the product lines, the decision was to make it possible for easier decision making processes to take place. His goal was to make SONY products to operate seamlessly with one another in the communication. To save on the cost spend on research and development, the new executive had to eliminate product redundancies which had been adopted by the seamless networking of the company products. The change realized here is in the mode of spending in which there was need to reduc e the expenditure on such unnecessary items like the extended research that was being done (structural change). Sony products had worked miracles over the years and they were still doing fine until the simplicity of the other company products came to the market. This change was brought about as a result of the realization that the customers were not just interested in the complex Sony products but were also interested in the ability to operate the products. The overall outlook of the items at Sony needed to change and this is seen in the simplicity of the Apple products that force the general thought at Sony to change (technological change). The last plan that happened at the company was that leading to the

Edward Tufte Graphics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Edward Tufte Graphics - Essay Example In addition he insists that an excellent graphic should be one that is multivariate. Eventually, he insists that an excellent graphic should speak nothing but the truth (Tufte’s principles 2009). Hence, any good graphic should exhibit these. In relation to principles of graphical integrity, Tufte insists that it has to be detailed and clear. He advises that the graphic has to be thoroughly labeled and should be able to show data variation. He adds that the graphic should not quote any data out of the context. Furthermore, the principle warns of exceeding the dimensions of data depicted by the graphic (Darzynkiewicz, Robinson & Roederer 2009, p. 45). Hence, graphic integrity is a very useful tool graphic representation. Concerning the principles of data graphics, Tufte insists that any graphic information should above all things show the data. He insists that the data-ink ratio should be maximized in the graphic (Darzynkiewicz, Robinson & Roederer 2009, p. 45). Data-ink ratio i s simply the core of a graphic that cannot be erased. It could also imply data ink divided by the total ink that was used to print the graphic. It is basically the arrangement of non-redundant ink in relation to variation in the presented numbers (Darzynkiewicz, Robinson & Roederer 2009, p. 45). ... Tufte insisted that people should forgo chartjunk, including the grid, the duck and moire vibration (Liere, Adriaansen & Elena 2009, p. 6). For any good graphic, details of no importance should not be included. Tufte also came up with the principle of erasing and data-ink maximization so as to be applied in some graphical designs (Liere, Adriaansen & Elena 2009, p. 6). He insisted that if these principles were applied on the scatter plot and the box plot among others, new designs would be created. He insisted that for the scatter plot, one could edit the frame lines in order to display the minimum, maximum, median and the two quartiles for both variables (Liere, Adriaansen & Elena 2009, p. 6). In relation to the principle of multi-functioning graphical elements, Tufte insists that any graphical element is one that carries data information plus performs design functions left to non data ink. In following this principle, one is able to display several pieces of data at the same time in one graphic (Mizuno & Sheldon 2012). The principle basically mobilizes every graphical element sometimes several times in order to depict or show data. The graphical element that plots or locates or plots data is referred to as the data measure (Mizuno & Sheldon 2012). One can build data measures from data though it will increase the dimensionality of the graphic plus the quantitative details. He adds that varying shades of grey depict varying quantities in a better way than color, since they possess a natural visual hierarchy. In addition, graphical information can be organized for different aspects of data at different visual angles. Also, Tufte insists that for the

Family and community Essay Example for Free

Family and community Essay Several factors influence student’s learning. These may be enumerated as individual experiences, talents, and prior learning, as well as language, culture, gender, health, family, and community. It is essential to understand and analyze these factors to make successful students from the perspective of the teacher. Individual experiences Individual experiences of students influence student learning as it is only through the use of meaningful information, personal experiences and the student’s thoughts and beliefs that they can develop their knowledge and enhance their learning strategies and cognitive skills. Their experiences and responsibilities make them goal oriented and they contribute to their individual learning. Through their experiences, they will be able to access their preference of learning and its pace. However, as these preferences may not always help them, the educators must help them with their experiences and preferences and modify whenever required. Experiences also create individualism and differences among the students. Thus, the educators must be sensitive to their differences and allow them to adapt in their own ways, building their individual approaches and strategies. As the student learns to relate new information with his or her experience, his knowledge broadens and deepens. As we will learn later on, individual experiences, both academic and personal, builds our prior knowledge, which is very important for the students and effects student learning. (Edelman, 2005) Talents Some individuals are born with and some develop their individual talents and capabilities. The talent of an individual determines the nature of the relation among his new experiences and new information gathered. Thus, his talent can reorganize, modify and even add to his existing knowledge. However, there is some distinction among talent and giftedness. While giftedness requires one to possess and use his spontaneously expressed and completely untrained natural abilities or gifts or aptitudes so that he can be among the best in his age group, on the other hand talent requires the capability to systematically develop knowledge and skills or abilities in one field so that the child can be above others in his age group. Thus, talent influences the learning abilities of a child greatly. As talents are nothing but natural anilities of a child, faster and easier learning processes help to develop greater natural abilities or talents in a student. Talent affects the intelligence of a student, which determines his ability to reason things. A student’s talent also motivates him to perform better than the others helping in his learning process. (Kar, 2006) Prior learning A student’s prior learning affects his capabilities, approaches and strategies thus, influencing his learning abilities. As said earlier new knowledge needs to be integrated with the student’s prior knowledge to increase his learning abilities. Nevertheless, if the student does not have any prior knowledge then this integration will not take place isolating the new knowledge, which the student will not be able to utilize in his new tasks. In addition, those students who have some idea about a certain topic learn faster than others do. They can readily link their prior knowledge to the new one infusing them to increase their knowledge database. Prior knowledge also generates curiosity and interest in the student to learn more thus, helping him in his learning. Students also learn faster and can remember things better if they can link new information to an appropriate prior knowledge. This mainly helps during examinations. The students also listen to their educators and pay better attention increasing their learning. Prior learning definitely influences student learning since it builds up self-esteem in the student and they find themselves in familiar grounds when attending a lecture. In addition, the process of learning begins with prior knowledge and proceeds with newly presented information. In addition, if the students do not have any understanding or knowledge about what they are learning they may become frustrated feeling inadequate and unsuccessful. (Edelman, 2005) Language A student’s language greatly affects his learning abilities. As most of the students are proficient in their native languages, they are more comfortable when taught in the same language. They understand more and thus, are able to learn more. Nevertheless, they also need to learn the universally dominant language, English, even if it may be difficult for some students to learn. All the educators may not be proficient in the student’s native language and thus, if he is not able to understand the language used in the lectures he will be left behind in his studies. Thus, there should be a common language of interaction between the students and educators and among the students themselves so that they can communicate with each other. Thus, the more the student is academically sophisticated in his language skills the easier it will become for him to increase his abilities and knowledge. (Fletcher, 2005) Culture Culture includes religion, ethnicity, socio-economic background and even at times gender. Thus, it is evident that culture definitely affects student learning. Their individual experiences in their early years and values of their cultures affect their process of learning. As students remember and learn things faster when they can relate new information to prior knowledge, if they can link their classroom instructions to their experience and culture they will be able to familiarize with the topic faster. In addition, students having same cultural backgrounds have similar styles of learning and can thus, help each other to learn and perform better. This is also important as sharing information increases ones knowledge database. A child’s roots and cultural values and experiences affect his academics and learning process as it makes them independent in their thinking and open to learning new things. It also affects their accuracy, objectivity, analytical thinking and independence. Their values and cultures transform into their learning experiences increasing their knowledge, aptitude and thinking and improve their learning abilities making them better competitors. A student’s personal and cultural experiences also influence his language, which plays an important role in his learning abilities. (Kar, 2006) Gender Gender is also one of the factors that mildly influence a student’s learning process. Sometimes not only the gender of the students affect their learning process but also the gender of the teacher. This is because most of the times, female educators consider male students inattentive and disruptive and female students are a little hesitant to approach male educators. Also sometimes, the educators prefer only male or female students in their class depriving the other sex valuable instructions. It has also been seen that since female students outscore the male ones, the educators prefer to teach the female students. However, this can have negative affects on the learning process of the male students who deserve equal opportunities. Nevertheless, it has also been seen that most of the boys attend their educational institutions less than the girls attend and thus, sometimes fall behind the girls in their academics. On the other hand, in some communities the girl students are not allowed to attend schools and colleges due to their culture. This affects the learning process of the girl students who, even if they are interested in learning, are not allowed to do so. Sometimes the gender of the educator affects communication between the student and teacher as some students pay more attention and give better performance if taught by a teacher of the same gender. However, the gender of the educator does not matter as long as the educator is able to support and recognize the talent in the students and the students are able to learn from them effectively. (Edelman, 2005)

Night by Elie Wiesel Essay Example for Free

Night by Elie Wiesel Essay In the book Night by Elie Wiesel, there are many father-son duos. In my opinion, a good relationship between a father and his son are vital. Their relationships with each other are varied in terms of agreeability and love for each other. The Germans have sent the Jews off to concentration camps and caused very trying times. They have torn whole family’s apart and sent people at each other’s throats. Elie’s relationship with his father changes over time. During the years prior to Elies Wiesels experience in the Holocaust, Elie and his father shared a distant relationship that lacked a tremendous amount of support and communications but, eventually, their bond strengthens as they rely on each other for survival and comfort. Elie and his father didn’t have the customary father-son relationship. Elie retells that his father did not show signs of encouragement when he wanted to study the Kabbalah: You are too young for that. Maimonides tells us that one must be thirty before venturing into the world of mysticism, a world fraught with peril. First you must study the basic subjects, those you are able to comprehend (13). He recalls that â€Å"my father was a cultured man, rather unsentimental. He was more involved with the welfare of others than with that of his own kin. † (13). After he got transferred to the concentration camp, he lived for his father, which was rare because most of the fathers lived for their sons. This is proven when he revives his personal account of a son fighting his father for a crust of bread: â€Å"Meir, my little Meir! Don’t you recognize me†¦You’re killing your father†¦ I have bread for you too†¦ for you too†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (76). Another example of a son abandoning his father is when Rabbi Eliahu’s son abandons him on the way to the next concentration camp. According to him, â€Å"Sons abandoned the remains of their fathers without a tear† (70). Elie and his father were the opposite. He says so himself when he admits that â€Å"my father’s presence was the only thing that stopped me (from giving up on life)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦what would he do without me† (67). Another example is when two â€Å"gravediggers† come to throw his father out of the cattle car, presuming that he is dead. He keeps slapping his father until he opens his eyes and starts breathing. He also wants his father to sleep instead of him, even though he really needs the sleep to maintain the little well-being he can. Although, near the end of his father’s life his opinion changes vastly. He thinks â€Å"If only I didn’t find him! If only I were relieved of the burden, I could use all my strength to fight for my own survival, to take care of only myself† (79). In conclusion, the relationships between father and son are very prominent in this novel. Most relationships are bad in Night due to the survival instinct and the terrible conditions experienced by the Jews during the Holocaust. This just proves that hunger and abuse can send the best of friends at each other’s throats. So what? Prejudice against Jews is a major issue, past or present. Anti-Semitism has been happening from way back in 1290, when Jews got expelled from England, until today when people still (Still In the 21st Century? ) Stereotype against Jews and refuse to go to Jewish-owned businesses. Basically, what I’m saying is that Jews have been blamed for numerous things throughout history for no-apparent reason except that they are a race that is relatively easy to point the finger at because people don’t know a lot about them.

Community Health Needs Assessment Tools Health And Social Care Essay

Community Health Needs Assessment Tools Health And Social Care Essay The research need to generate qualitative and quantitative data regarding a particular community health need is directly proportionate to the impact that the particular health need has on the community and sometimes even the mortality/morbidity generated by the particular health problem. In this regard, in this current assessment we review the health needs of coal mining workers in West Virginia, USA to identify hazards and risk factors pertaining to their health, by virtue of their designated profession. Community health needs assessment is a rigorous project that serves the population under study by elucidating the current needs, reflecting the situation which is often not balanced between health providers, insurance schemes, health administration and/or community leaders. It also serves at identifying particular needs that are overlooked by healthcare officials that are either novel or problematical by elucidating perceived and expressed health and wellbeing needs. In other words, it can be a useful means to depict the selected communitys horizon in respect to health needs, healthcare shortfalls and aetiology, all useful areas for the facilitation of better public health management. In order to perform an accurate community health needs assessment, research should be grounded on an up to date background study of the selected populations demographics and census (socioeconomic, workforce and other) data, where available. Moreover, particular health factors should be taken into account by managing information currently disseminated through healthcare officials (such as mortality, disease prevalence, risk factors analysis). This research would also benefit from an on-site review of environmental and work related conditions, if possible. The most useful and widely used instrument to conduct a community health needs assessment and subsequent analysis is by means of a structured questionnaire based survey that will employ cross sectional and population specific items targeted at the current health need. Moreover, the instrument should be designed with attention to environment and state specific conditions, such as regulations and laws, insurance coverage and even so, local traditions and unwritten codes of conduct. For the above reasons, in this essay we will conduct a review of available information on the community of Coal Mining Workers in West Virginia, USA. After the acquisition and analysis of the pertaining data, we will present a structured survey instrument, aiming to identify health needs with respect to existing health problems and patient satisfaction. BACKGROUND-RESEARCH We searched a wide array of online databases and organisations providing demographic and other information for the population in question. We also conducted a MEDLINE search, to draw the picture of already identified health needs and/or needs assessments already conducted in this population. Search terms employed were coal workers, west Virginia, health needs, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease, occupational hazard alone or in combination. West Virginia is a state in the Mid-Atlantic section of the USA, capital Charleston. The state is notorious for its mountain composition and significant coal mining industries. The mineral and coal resources in the area are vast, and West Virginia has been considered to have fuelled a great part of the industrial revolution of the developed world. Moreover, coal mining and related work constituted major part of the employment activities of the state, while still in the 21st century, it is believed that mining safety and environmental concerns are amongst the most challenging issues facing the state. In 2009, West Virginia was inhabited by 1,819,777 people. 5.6% of West Virginias population were reported as under 5, 22.3% under 18, and 15.3% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.4% of the population (United States Census Bureau, 2010). Moreover, according to US Census Bureau Data, West Virginia is the third lowest in per capita income state. It also ranks last at median household income. Virginias adult population with a bachelors degree is the lowest in the U.S. At 17.3%. The main economy is coal, and the state is the lead in coal production, second only to Wyoming.From the West Virginia Office of Miners Health, Safety and Training we find that the West Virginia Coal Industry provides about 30,000 direct jobs in WV, including miners, mine contractors, coal preparation plant employees and mine supply companies. In particular 20,715 are registered as employees in the 188 active coal mines in WV, while an additional 4,842 work as an independent contractor. From the same source we read that for 2009, fatal accidents were 3, non fatal accidents 1,164 and the accident frequency was estimated to be   2.79%. Involved in accidents are mainly high voltage equipment, and areas in and around river load outs. But apart from fatalities, a major health problem for VW coal mining workers is pneumoconiosis, or black lung. The CDC has implemented a safety and health chapter regarding occupational Respiratory Disease Surveillance, and especially for coal miners, the Enhanced Coal Workers Health Surveillance Program (ECWHSP). The ECWHSP includes surveys that include specifically designed standardized health questionnaires, work histories, spirometry testing, radiographic examinations, and collection of other relevant health information, which are gathered in a specially designed mobile examination unit by trained personnel on site.Results of the ECWHSP 2009 survey on mine workers in West Virginia are shown on table 1: Finding Examined Rate Total Participation 1,884 20% 9,593 pneumoconiosis (>=1/0 or PMF). 93 5% 1,884 pneumoconiosis (>=2/1 or PMF). 43 2% PMF 24 1% advanced pneumoconiosis 35 2% have a chronic cough. 624 34% bring up phlegm from their chest. 690 38% have chest sounds of wheezing. 613 34% have had an attack of wheezing 738 41% have experienced dyspnea on level 741 41% have experienced dyspnea on a hill 1,119 62% have chest tightness 672 37% have chronic bronchitis. 142 8% have emphysema. 79 4% have had pneumonia 337 19% have asthma 132 7% have tuberculosis. 4 0% never smoked. 954 53% former smokers 455 25% current smokers 393 22% Although under a lot of argumentation, coal and in general volatiles (dust) have been proven by sufficient evident as causes of respiratory damage. In detail, in coal miners a significant association between the level of FEV1 and dust was found, even after adjustment for age, physique and smoking (Cowie ,1999; Soutar 1989). Some more interesting figures arise from the State Health Facts website, shown in Table 2: Measured index WEST VIRGINIA USA Age-Adjusted Invasive Cancer Incidence Rate per 100,000 Population, 2005 484.2 458.4 Births of Low Birth weight as a Percent of All Births, 2006 9.7 8.3 Number of Deaths per 100,000 Population, 2007 951.7 760.31 Life Expectancy at Birth (in years), 2005 75.3 78.0 Percent of Adults Who Have Ever Been Told by a Doctor that They Have Diabetes, 2008 11,9 8,2 Number of Deaths Due to Diseases of the Heart per 100,000 Population, 2006 236,9 200,2 Asthma prevalence among adults 9.0 8,2 Percentage of Adult Population Aged 21-64 Years Who Reported a Disability, 2007 22,4 12,8 The above figures need to be assessed in caution regarding the high prevalence of occupation of coal worker in West Virginia. Apart from the apparent pathophysiology of dust entering the lungs and rendering them chronically inflammatory, with signs of fibrosis and atelectasia or other interstitial pneumonic disease or pneumonoconiasis, health needs of coal mining workers are extended to a variety of diseases that are not as commonly identifiable at the first look. Although current screening methods and occupational policies do exist for these workers, they tend to be centred on respiratory diseases. Coal Mining however, is a demanding, time consuming manual labour that is often exigent and causes a variety of clinical manifestations. As such we can consider lower back pain, physical limitations (Galagher,2005) cervical spine degenerative changes, vibration-hazard related body changes, sudden coronary death (Kopytina et al, 1993), skin lesions (Begraca et al, 1991)and mental health changes (Lagunov,1991). Moreover, the coal mining community often has unmet needs on the level of healthcare access and utilization, that different stakeholders are usually unaware. In a study by Smith et al,2005 a community health needs assessment was the means to the provision of a community nurse and a revision in healthcare provision among former miners in Kent. Having reviewed the major components of community health needs assessment for mine workers in West Virginia and having conducted the appropriate background review, we propose the following questionnaire as a tool to conducting an effective and fruitful evaluation of perceived and actual health needs, in a community of mine workers. This tool comprises of a health needs assessment part, where the answers are left open and views are encouraged for propositions in order to facilitate the analysis of expected health and participation to health concerns. The second part is a standardized demographics and health questionnaire that is used widely in this form, with minor alterations in assessing the perceived health and demographic information of the study population in question. Emphasis is given on other diseases that might affect the coal mining community ( participants are requested to count five-5 major health concerns) and on perceived level of attention and care this community is receiving or should be receiving according to its needs. A question regarding their siblings health is put in the end to elucidate concerns that are also documented in the literature regarding out of site contamination with dust by coal workers that bring their occupational hazard in the family home or by dispersion in neighbourly areas (Pless-Mulloli et al, 2001). QUESTIONNAIRE: We are conducting a review of the Health Needs within the WV coal mining community. Along with statistical data and analysis we are also interested in your viewpoints. Instructions Part One: Health Problems There are several factors that influence or determine whether the people in your coal miners community are healthy. From the following list, please rank from 1-5 (1 being the highest priority) what you think are the top five health and disability issues affecting your community? Health Issue Your Ranking (1-5) Asthma / Respiratory Disease / Pneumoconiasis Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Depression / Psychiatric Disorders Diabetes Disability Drug and Alcohol use Nutrition Obesity Oral Health Physical Injury (including violence and accidents) Self harm / Suicide Sexual Health Smoking Other (please specify below) What do you think is needed to address the top three priority issues identified above and what difference will this make? Issue 1: Issue 2: Issue 3: What is needed? What is needed? What is needed? What difference will this make? What difference will this make? What difference will this make? How much influence do you think the following have as to whether people in your coal mining community are healthy? Please mark each factor with an X, ranking influence from 1-5 following with an X Influence (1 is most, 5 is least) Factors 1 2 3 4 5 Cost of services Ease of access to health services Education Employment Family support Housing Income Social Isolation Transport Community support Insurance status Other (please specify below) Your details Please provide us with some information about yourself. This will assist us with the analysis of the questionnaire results. Please mark the following that applies to you with an X Name (optional) Ethnic Group American German decent Hispanic Other Gender Male Female Age Range Children (aged 0 14) Adults (aged 25 64) Youth (aged 15 24) Older People (aged 65+) Where do you live? metropolitan area county How many years have you worked in the coal mining sector? ( number of years) Do you consider your self healthy? Yes No What is your principal concern? How often do you visit a doctor? List one preventive diagnostic test that you had the previous 6 months: ( colorectal screening, pap test, ECG, CXR, ultrasonogram etc): Does your employer offer health promotion/wellness programs? Yes No Type of health insurance( state) : In the following section, select which answer describes you. *Note that N/A stands for not applicable Always Sometimes Never N/A You wear a seat belt: You wear a helmet when riding a bicycle, rollerblading or skateboarding: You drive the posted speed limit: You eat at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables each day: You eat fast food more than once a week: You exercise at a moderate pace at least 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week: You consume more than 3 alcoholic drinks per day (female) or more than 5 per day (male): You smoke cigarettes: You chew tobacco: You are exposed to secondhand smoke in your home or at work: You use illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, etc.): You perform self-exams for cancer (breast or testicular): You wash your hands with soap and water after using the restroom: You undergo physiotherapy for lower back pain You apply sunscreen before planned time outside: You get a flu shot each year: You practice safe sex (condom or other barrier method, etc.): You take vitamin pills or supplements daily: You spend money on gambling more than once a month: You attend religious services regularly: You volunteer in your community (church, schools, civic organizations, etc.): You donate money to community based organizations (churches, non profit organizations, etc.): You get enough sleep each night (7-9 hours): You feel stressed out: You feel happy about your life: You feel lonely: You worry about losing your job: You feel safe in your community: You are afraid for your childrens health You feel that the government is liable for your health You feel that the government is liable for your childrens health

What is The Right Stuff? :: The Right Stuff

The Right Stuff - What is the Stuff? As might be expected from the title, The Right Stuff is centered on the concept of having the right stuff. Author Tom Wolfe uses several recurring techniques and comparisons to describe this idea and its relationship to the men who took part in the Mercury program. An opening chapter of the book is devoted to the "right stuff" in order to explain the concept to the reader. In this chapter, Wolfe makes a clear distinction between the right stuff and simple bravery. He tells the reader that a possessor of the right stuff can not only risk his life. He "should have the ability to go up in a hurtling piece of machinery and put his hide on the line and then have the moxie, the reflexes, the experience, the coolness, to pull it back in the last yawning moment" (19). One critic interprets the distinction as being "between the actual experience of the right stuff- of being a fighter pilot and experiencing, for example, night landings on an aircraft carrier- and any prior effort to describe that experience in language" (Marowski and Matuz 419). In the same chapter, the reader is also introduced to an element which recurs throughout the rest of the book. The author compares a career in flying to the climbing of a ziggurat, an extraordinarily high and steep pyramid. In an especially vivid passage he writes: "the idea was to prove at every foot of the way up that pyramid that you were one of the elected and anointed ones who had the right stuff and could move higher and higher and even-ultimately...be able to join the very Brotherhood of the Right Stuff" (19 ). Through this pyramid the world is divided into those who had the stuff and those were just left behind. Another characteristic of the right stuff is the pilots' relationship with one another. These pilots seem to always want to associate only with one another. Wolfe shows the reader the pilots' belief that only other pilots can understand their daily life and death struggles. In their discussions, though, it is shown that the pilots never like to use words like "danger," "bravery," and "fear." Instead they use a special code or explain by example.

Adapting to Our Environment or Harming It? :: Comparison Compare Comparative Essays

Adapting to Our Environment or Harming It? I went to do my Thanksgiving shopping on Monday. I figured that if I bought the turkey, turkey stuffing, and pumpkin pie at the beginning of the week, I would avoid the long lines that build up in supermarkets the day before Thanksgiving, while not having to freeze and unfreeze the turkey. I was in aisle 4, trying to decide whether my family would prefer microwaveable Stove Top stuffing or the kind you actually insert into the turkey’s insides when I remembered that I also had to get canned cranberry sauce†¦ my favorite! I quickly grabbed the Stove Top and headed to another aisle when, right next to the coconut milk, eagerly waiting for me to notice them, were six cans of tamarind nectar. I just had to grab the 12-ounce cans to read the words: â€Å"Excellent source of Vitamin C!† It is amazing how I had never noticed the tamarind nectar cans, yet every time I go to the supermarket I see the coconut milk. I know that if Dr. Graham had never pointed out the Tamar ind tree in class, the tamarind nectar cans would have never popped out at me. My mind wandered off to last Friday, when I stuffed an unripe tamarind seed in my mouth. It tasted like hard lime candy and I did not like it. How easy it is, I wondered, to go to a supermarket where everything is ripe and ready for you to buy! Even the water comes pre-packaged in attractive bottles. Living on a mangrove island in the Ten-Thousand Islands must have been frustrating. The water had to be collected, drop by drop, in a high-maintenance cistern, the fruit and vegetables had to be gathered after they had taken their time to get ripe, even the sugar had to be grown in canes, collected, and then made into syrup: it did not come in convenient 1-lb or 5-lbs bags. Just imagine how labor intensive a meal such as the one in Thanksgiving would have been! I can just imagine Mister Watson working the land where the sugar cane is growing, while Netta scrapes the salt off the Black Mangrove leaves to flavor the mashed potatoes, and the Frenchman gathers some Agave plants to make te quila. Meanwhile, turkeys brought from Key West are running wild, waiting for their death in a few months.

The African Queen Essay -- essays research papers

THE AFRICAN QUEEN Short Summary: "The African Queen" is the tale of two companions with different personalities who develop an untrustworthy love affair as they travel together downriver in Africa around the start of World War I. They struggle against the climate, the river, the bugs, the Germans and, most of all, against each other. In the course of much misery, they develop love and respect for each other. Detailed Summary: In September 1914, the German occupying forces hold East Africa. The story starts in a small village that is overlorded by a stuffy British missionary, Reverent Samuel Sayer and his spinster, prudish sister Rose Sayer, who is utterly devoted to her brother. Rose is also very naive and pious. She thinks, God would not permit a war between England and Germany or the whole world.. Some day, German troops marches into that village. Merciless, without any warning, these troops invade the village, they burn down the huts and the church. Livestock, poultry, pots and pans and foodstuffs even the portable chapel had been taken by the German soldiers. Only the mission bungalow was spared. Samuel goes on praying the awful calamity of war which has descended upon the world would soon pass away, so that slaughter and destruction would cease and that when they had regained their sanity men would turn from war to universal peace. Because of this war they were cut off from all communications and the rest of the world. Samuel thinks the Germans responsible for the outbreak of the war and all the sufferings. Rose is helpless as her brother suffers a nervous breakdown. He realises that his life's work has been destroyed and instantly loses his mind. He dies very soon after that, while Rose weeps at his bedside. One day later the sharp sound of a steamboat whistle could be heard in the village. A gin-drinking, cigar-smoking man, called Charlie Allnutt, arrives. He is the owner of this old, 30-foot ramshackle steamer named "The African Queen". He supplies the village with mails and news. Charlie offers Rose both to rescue her and escape from here and bury her brother's corpse. They have to use the old, ramshackle African Queen, since he has blasting gelatine, cylinders of oxygen and hydrogen as new cargo. They have a dangerous and difficult escape route: They have to pass the large Central Africa lake at the end of the dang... ...erested in. Actually he is married, but this was a long time ago and so he don't care about it. But he is also an realist and he thinks about his actions. The marriage with Rose is not only a love-marriage, he realises that he has no job no money and no future without Rose.   Cecile Scott Forester - curriculum vitae - C.S. Forester was born in Cairo in 1899. His father was stationed there as a government official. He studied medicine at Guy's Hospital but he left Gey's without getting doctor's degree. From that moment he began to start he writing career. His first important success was the novel "Payment Deferred". In 1932 Forester was offered a Hollywood contract. Until 1939 he spent a lot of time in America. During the war he entered the Ministry of Information and later he went to the Royal Navy to collect materials for his book "The Ship". Then he made a voyage to the Bering Sea to gather material for a similar book on the United States Navy. During this trip he was stricken with Arteriosclerosis, a disease with left him crippled. But he continued to write and created his book "Captain Hornblower". He died in 1966. The African Queen Essay -- essays research papers THE AFRICAN QUEEN Short Summary: "The African Queen" is the tale of two companions with different personalities who develop an untrustworthy love affair as they travel together downriver in Africa around the start of World War I. They struggle against the climate, the river, the bugs, the Germans and, most of all, against each other. In the course of much misery, they develop love and respect for each other. Detailed Summary: In September 1914, the German occupying forces hold East Africa. The story starts in a small village that is overlorded by a stuffy British missionary, Reverent Samuel Sayer and his spinster, prudish sister Rose Sayer, who is utterly devoted to her brother. Rose is also very naive and pious. She thinks, God would not permit a war between England and Germany or the whole world.. Some day, German troops marches into that village. Merciless, without any warning, these troops invade the village, they burn down the huts and the church. Livestock, poultry, pots and pans and foodstuffs even the portable chapel had been taken by the German soldiers. Only the mission bungalow was spared. Samuel goes on praying the awful calamity of war which has descended upon the world would soon pass away, so that slaughter and destruction would cease and that when they had regained their sanity men would turn from war to universal peace. Because of this war they were cut off from all communications and the rest of the world. Samuel thinks the Germans responsible for the outbreak of the war and all the sufferings. Rose is helpless as her brother suffers a nervous breakdown. He realises that his life's work has been destroyed and instantly loses his mind. He dies very soon after that, while Rose weeps at his bedside. One day later the sharp sound of a steamboat whistle could be heard in the village. A gin-drinking, cigar-smoking man, called Charlie Allnutt, arrives. He is the owner of this old, 30-foot ramshackle steamer named "The African Queen". He supplies the village with mails and news. Charlie offers Rose both to rescue her and escape from here and bury her brother's corpse. They have to use the old, ramshackle African Queen, since he has blasting gelatine, cylinders of oxygen and hydrogen as new cargo. They have a dangerous and difficult escape route: They have to pass the large Central Africa lake at the end of the dang... ...erested in. Actually he is married, but this was a long time ago and so he don't care about it. But he is also an realist and he thinks about his actions. The marriage with Rose is not only a love-marriage, he realises that he has no job no money and no future without Rose.   Cecile Scott Forester - curriculum vitae - C.S. Forester was born in Cairo in 1899. His father was stationed there as a government official. He studied medicine at Guy's Hospital but he left Gey's without getting doctor's degree. From that moment he began to start he writing career. His first important success was the novel "Payment Deferred". In 1932 Forester was offered a Hollywood contract. Until 1939 he spent a lot of time in America. During the war he entered the Ministry of Information and later he went to the Royal Navy to collect materials for his book "The Ship". Then he made a voyage to the Bering Sea to gather material for a similar book on the United States Navy. During this trip he was stricken with Arteriosclerosis, a disease with left him crippled. But he continued to write and created his book "Captain Hornblower". He died in 1966.