The Munich Agreement Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

The Munich sympathy - Dissertation ExampleChamberlains power was central to the appeasement process as a committed person in response to the human beings cerebration. But this was not without criticism. Left wing-writers under a pseudonym Cato published guilty men in 1940, which accused Chamberlain of taking undue advantage of public opinion and giving unrealistic hopes of peace with Germany. They sought to point out that Chamberlain underestimated the British capacity and overestimated the Germans capacity of war. They have painted Chamberlain as a great deceiver . Because of the outbreak of the Second man War in spite of the cession of the Sudetenland, Chamberlain stood exposed to criticism for having slowed down the rearmament program after the premier World War. Historical research on this episode has these writers as the first phase. In what can be called the second phase of historical research, Taylor in his 1961 publication The Origin of Second World War, remarked that the role of appeasement in the outbreak of Second World War was The cause of war was therefore as much the blunders of others as the wickedness of dictators themselves. In 1963, The Appeasers, Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott maintained that Chamberlain deceived the public by showing the shoot of another war which the British could not afford. However, since the 1960s, revisionist historians argued for the compelling reasons for appeasement as that was the only viable form _or_ system of government for the British in the 1930s. The Nation had a weak economy drained of resources after the needs in the war just ended. Historians such as Patrick Finney agreed that appeasement was the inevitable result of British decline. They withal argued that public opinion prior to 1937 could not be easily dismissed. Maurice Calling in his 1975 publication, The Impact of Hitler British Politics and British Policy 1933-40, maintained that the appeasement policy was compelled by domestic considerat ions. Chamberlain, motivated by the state of the countrys economy and political stand of his Conservative party, took the appeasement decision that was judge to become popular with the British public. Chamberlain changed his stand in response to the public opinion after Germany occupied Prague in 1939. R.A.C Parker, in his Chamberlain and Appeasement (1993), argued that Chamberlain deliberately used the reasons of weak economy and weak military, to shape the public opinion, as he was deeply committed to appeasement for the sake appeasement and not due to weakness.5 From tone at the historiography relating to the Munich agreement it is clear to see that there is an ongoing debate relating to the issue. Throughout this piece I intend to

Definition of the words Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

exposition of the words - Assignment ExampleThe Painting is part of Church in Convent of Santa Maria in Milan (Ladwein, 13). It has an past precedence to the times of Jesus Christ, exactly on the evening where Jesus along with his followers dual-lane a dinner.Stage Stage is that part of the theater where the actors perform their roles. Stage can be arrange and organized in multiple ways, with curtain coering the backend unit. Stage is mounted part of theater that is gross from all angles of the theater.Semiotics Semiotics/ Semiology is a theory, and philosophy related to the deliberate of signs and signals. In art it is the deciphering of the heart from the silent image that may not be clearly evident and comprehendible to the ordinary observation. It is the study of art and architecture in form of the signals and signs interpretation.Fresco A specialized form of painting that is performed over the fresh poultice. It is associated with the mural form of painting. Water colors are used over the wet plaster which later on dries up to hold their shape and design.Perspective A technique in gulp and design, in which multiple parallel lines are shown to converge. It embodies the 2-D image on a 2-D frame . Linear and fairylike perspectives are two predominant patterns used in this regard. The pioneers of this art are Leon Baptista Alberti and Filippo

Renaissance Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

conversion Comparison - audition ExampleAlthough the very term renascence was brought into currency in the 19th century by the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt, the origins of this movement could be traced as earlier as the beginning of the 14th century. Actually the European rebirth began in Central Italy, namely in Tuscany centering in the cities of Siena and Florence. This movement had further a considerable impact in the city of Venice where the remains of ancient Roman and Greek cultures had been brought together and provided Renaissance humanist scholars with new texts. Consequently the Renaissance had a significant impact on Rome, which was decorated with many structures in the new mode of allantico, later was rebuilt by sixteenth-century humanist popes. The Italian Renaissance reached its visor in the mid-16th century as the country began to be permanently invaded by various foreign armies. Nevertheless, the ideals and ideas of the Italian Renaissance survived these cala mities and even spread into the rest of European countries, initiating the English Renaissance and Northern Renaissance as a whole. To define the Renaissance in the northern part of the continent the term Northern Renaissance is used. Furthermore this term often refers to the Renaissance in the countries of Old World outside Italy.

The influence of books & reading on the main character as a child in Essay

The influence of books & reading on the main character as a child in the novel Anton Reiser by Karl Philipp Moritz - Essay Exampleto one get downicular aspect of the work, namely, the analogy between Anton Reisers resort to reading books with the modern day teen phenomenon of using recreational drugs.A careful exam of the early life of Reiser gives clues to his psychological development and his propensity to fall back on escapist activities. inaugural among the conditions was the family environment in which he grew up. He has a very unpleasant childhood as his parents neer get along. From this backdrop of a dysfunctional family he is apprenticeship with a pietistic hat-maker proves equally troublesome and is compel to go back to school. His subsequent foray into the theatre also fails to take off. As Reiser gets pushed from one failed gage to the next, he is desperate to find an anchor to his life. It is here that books enter his life. They not only give him a feeling of libera tion from his depressing reality, but also serve a therapeutic purpose (Encyclopdia Britannica, 2009. In other words, he resorts to books the way a troubled teenager would resort to recreational drugs in coetaneous times. On a broader note,Anton Reiser has been generally recognized as an important source of the Genie Periode in which the chaste temperament came into its own as fiction material, and as one of the first German followers, after Sophie la Roches Fralein von Sternheim (1771) and Jung-Stillings Autobiography (1777), of Rous seau s Confessions and perhaps of the Sentimental Journey, unless Werther in 1774 can be considered as preceding Reiser in that field. It has many typical traits of this sensitive spirit school as well as of the Bildungsroman. (Mller, 1987, p.23)The relevance of Reisers reading habits goes much beyond escapism. As is accepted in literary circles, the focus of a high-quality literary work is not so much its plot but its aesthetics. While climax is an essential part of any work of literature, its ultimate value is determined by its artistic elements

ProgramManagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ProgramManagement - Essay showcaseThe most important resource is the house in which the mean solar mean solar day c are center will be located. I will reorganize the house such that scarce space available is utilized optimally. This will be done by only using the necessary households for the center and keeping the unnecessary items in store. Other resources such as toys, beds, and furniture will be decently utilized to ensure competent running of the center.An effective customer care relation is the key to success in any business. The day care center will be providing services to different parents within the neighborhoods of the center. Quality service scum bag only be guaranteed if proper means of communication between the day care center direction and parents is maintained. I will be open to dialogue to the parents at all whiles to ensure that they are updated on the status and wellbeing of their babies.The day care center will demand proper account book keeping. This will ensure that all events and activities regarding the center are well documented (Various 49). It is important to keep proper health, historical, growth, behavioral patterns and developmental records of all babies to ensure that all babies are handled with specialized care. This is particularly important since few babies may have medical history that requires special attention or handling. In addition payment, attendance, and some some other relevant documents will be properly recorded and stored for quality service deliveryA day care requires proper planning and organization to ensure that all activities and operations are carried out successfully within their time frames. A concise and detailed plan of the number of babies, their special requirements, time schedules, communication, and other operations will be outlined and followed. This will ensure smooth flow of daily activities from the time the babies are brought to the time they leave for home. This will entail both short a nd

Preston City Council. Effects of Motivational Theories Essay

Preston City Council. Effects of Motivational Theories - Essay ExampleH. 1943. A surmisal of Human Motivation. Psychological Review. Volume 50, pp. 370-396. 47 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Summary The large size of several(prenominal) firms creates problems when trying to evaluate the levels of motivation of the employees working in them. Most organizations today have started considering employee empowerment a significant factor in human resource management. They show this by increasing the responsibility they advance each individual with, as well as giving him or her more power in some situations. They are excessively increasingly aware of the greatness of motivation in the work force. This importance increased when employees started receiving additional responsibilities, thus affecting the organizations with this characteristic of motivation in many different ways. sanctified and hardworking employees are majorly the reason for success of an organization, whereas this productiv ity is itself a function of motivation. 1.2 Introduction This research begins by introducing the idea of motivation, and the several motivational theories, which often affect the workings of employees of public sector firms. Experts suppose in a gruelling relationship between management success and employee motivation. Thus, motivation is a cay factor, which helps maintain a firms success and keep its performance in check. Absence of much(prenominal)(prenominal) motivation would mean less success for the organization. Thus, this investigation will at all points during the discussion, focus on the effects that motivational theories have on a public sector organization and the employees that work for it. onward the importance of including a human element in the treatment... The researchers used both primary and secondary information for research, using questionnaires to collect the data, which they later presented in the literature review. The primary research employed the use o f a survey questionnaire, which was administered to a sample of 40 employees from Preston City Council. This data collection focused on aggregation qualitative as well quantitative data. This data helped the researchers conclude details about how much of a gap exists between a persons motivational level and the motivating factors at work. They also found a positive correlation between an employees salary and their motivation level.This research begins by introducing the idea of motivation, and the several motivational theories, which often affect the workings of employees of public sector firms. Experts look at in a strong relationship between management success and employee motivation. Thus, motivation is a trace factor, which helps maintain a firms success and keep its performance in check. Absence of such motivation would mean less success for the organization. Thus, this investigation will at all points during the discussion, focus on the effects that motivational theories ha ve on a public sector organization and the employees that work for it. in front the importance of including a human element in the treatment and management of employees was discovered, organizations simply treated them as a factor of production a mere input to the process. However, since research revealed the importance of establishing human relations in the management of human resources, managers have made it a priority to cater to the needs and motivational levels of their employees. An example of such research is the research Elton Mayo (1960) did through the Hawthorne studies (Dickson, 1973, 1-25), where he found a strong relationship between motivation and work conditions, proving that money is not the only motivating factor.

Wicked Environmental Problems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

loathsome Environmental Problems - Research Paper ExampleThis mixture of irrigate, sand, and chemicals will hold the fractures open and let the flatulency trapped inside seep back through the utilisationed holes to the surface. This military operation has the problem of the quantity of piddle and chemicals used. The process has its benefits in the clean fuel and economic growth. This paper will explain the negative impacts of the process and why the negative impacts be difficult to manage. Negative Environmental Impact Drilling in Allegany county of Marcellus Shale seems wish well a brilliant idea and an excellent opportunity that numerous people seek to explore. There ar umpteen flaws, however, associated with this renowned energy source. This paper only discusses the proven and documented problems. First, the focus is on the many gallons of pissing that will be utilized in the process. In the drilling process, to retrieve the gas, approximately four million gallons of water be required (Campbell and Laherrere 79). This water is harnessed form the nearby rivers and streams and is used until the on the whole process is completed. Some may say that this volume of water is insignificant compared to the average water from the municipal council that is used on a daily basis (Campbell and Laherrere 83). The water from the municipal council is used in homes and institutions, whereas the water used in the drilling process is said to be a consumptive water deprivation this water does not return to the water cycle, and intimately of it remains deep in the ground for many years. Regulation measures should be provided to ensure that the demand for water is not as high as to weaken the local waterways (Olsthoorn and Anna 23). Water is just one of the many ingredients of the drilling process. The second alarming concern lies in the many chemicals that are used for the effective retrieval of the gas and to hold open the cracks in the earth. These chemicals accommodate benzene, kerosene, hydraulic acid neurotoxins, and many other dangerous chemicals (Harvey 90). For each drilling process, more than 15,000 gallons of these harmful chemicals are used. The chemicals are transported via large trucks to the drilling site where they are mixed with water. The procedure of mixing the two is raging if a spill occurs even in small scale, the great concentration of the chemicals will have many devastating effects on human health and the environment. Small scale spills are a commonality occurrence and collectively these small spills have a large cumulative impact (Harvey 96). Handling and discussion of the waste water that is generated is the other problem that is associated with the drilling process. The current municipal water treatment facilities are not equipped to handle the chemicals (Marion 44). Proper treatment of the waste water is an expensive process, and, in most cases, the water is left to sit in man-made ponds, which pose signif icant threat to the human universe in the area due to potential leaks and the wild animals that may wander into the exposed chemical ponds. such infractions have been witnessed in the drilling processes in Pennsylvania (Marion 28). Environmentalists have claimed that the process of hydro-fracking is an extremely detrimental to the water supply and natural habitat. The process has become controversial and has received a lot of debate in the recent years (Cunningham and Mary 34). A significant amount of forestland loss and surface damage should be available for an area to undergo the process of hydro-fracking. The effect is elevated when there are multiple drill sits and an increased number of access roads. The environmentalists have argued that the process causes earthquakes and many explosions above the ground and is responsible for drain stream water, which is a precious resource in many places (Cunningham and

Target Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

crisscross Market - Research Paper ExampleIt is evidently clear from the discussion that merchandise segmentation is an flavor that the business as identified as a strategy of marketing. The business will divide its market using the following considerations. First, it would consider consumer behavior, second it would consider geographical factors, and lastly, it would consider psychographic factors. Variables for segmentation within the tush market take on age, income, and occupation of the people, gender, lifestyle, values or interests. The consumer responds to a product after considering various factors, which include benefits, derived from the product. The target commonwealth for the product would active age (15 to 35 years). The data about the population of UAE luff that the ratio of male to female stands at 2.75. The above information reflects the statistics of the nation recorded in 2009. The given is that the population has not yielded greater changes. The data indica ted that the population grows at 3.055 %. It is important to note that women product uptake differs from the male. The idea of the age bracket is to design product strategies that will respond to the target population. The target population proves viable to the company product because of their consumption behavior. Economic status our target market indicates that rugged deglutition cooler would fetch more in the market because of the response that the product anticipates to get. Male dominates the target market for the product. Survey of the market shows that male counterpart commands the economy. This attributes offers a competitive advantage for the product because it would dictate the buy patterns. The target age 15 to 35 displays leisure characteristics, which is very crucial for the product viability.

Essay on the policy formation process Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On the policy formation influence - Essay Examplebatier, noted social scientist, has conceptualized Advocacy Coalition fashion model or ACF and Multiple Streams Framework for the policies in different areas of public welfare, that have proved quite effective. The essay would be discussing these models of policy frameworks in the areas of healthcare and education in the United States.Advocacy Coalition Framework takes into account the interests of various stakeholders by incorporating opinions and feedback from wide ranging external and internal resources that may significantly impact the masses in the specified areas. The stakeholders name of beneficiaries of the schemes, institutions and intermediaries that facilitate the schemes to the public and the decision making bodies that are responsible for various processes for policy framework and later(prenominal) implementation of those policies.The coalition broadly comprises of two major sources who seemingly reflect the welfare of the people media, researchers and analysts actors at all levels of government (local, state and international) (Sabatier, 1988). These sources help to study the various perspectives of the policy in the particular discipline by taking into account the different variables like socio-economic changes, political paradigms, evolving socio-cultural values, normative beliefs and environmental constraints. Thus, while incorporating the finer details of the policies in the relevant area, the view point of these agencies and the feedback widens the policy perspectives and ensures better decision making in framing the policies.Multiple Streams Framework primarily believes that three vital streams of thoughts significantly impact the process of verbal expression of policies. The first is the problem identification that necessitates the process, second is the diversity in the requirements of the communities and lastly the political imperatives of vested interests that are influenced by publi c opinions, changing socio-economic and

Empire of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Empire of Capitalism - look for ExampleFrench and German capitalism developed in a different way to the ( more advanced) British form. When industrialisation occurred in Britain it was driven by the need for technology to support farming. In France and Germany, however, it developed because they had a number of rivalries with other countries and so needed armies to support their place in the world.It was only after the switch of Napoleon, and the loss of the protection guaranteed by having a large empire, that the economic competition from Britain began to be felt in France. France did non respond by copying the way Britain had developed, nor did they challenge Britains better economic position in the world. Military needs continued to be the main reason why there was more industrialization in the nineteenth cytosine, and the technological advances this brought gave France a head start in technological industries. The tradition of the presidential term running industries in Fra nce also helped encourage industrial development, as well as laying the foundations of the musical note of Frances current public services - health, welfare, etc.State-led and armament based economic development was even more marked in Germany. Before the nineteenth century Germany was many different countries. ... late nineteenth century there was a rapid period of economic development under Bismark (who was the German chancellor), and this speedy growth was due in the main to military requirements (Bismark needed to fight wars). This is in sharp severalize to Britains economic development, they made things for the non-military market. Germanys economy developed due to the g overnment spending money on military goods.The Classic Age of ImperialismBritish capitalism meant that other countries had to become capitalist to compete with them. But this did not stop wars the nineteenth century was the age at which colonial imperialism (the taking of other countries by force) was at i ts height. Marxist colonial theories of the time reflected this fact Marx himself was interested in most mature system of capitalism - Britain. He saw Britain as a capitalist country in a world of more often than not non-captialist countries.Proceeding Marxist theorists of the twentieth century (from Lenin to Mao2) worked at bottom systems that were either only partly capitalist or not capitalist at all. Marxist theories of imperialism likewise shifted their focus from the internal operations within capitalist countries to their exterior relations with the non-capitalist world. They thought that capitalism would end because capitalist countries would destroy themselves in wars over colonies. But such rivalries required a non-capitalistic world (i.e. Countries that could become colonies) to fight over. Rosa Luxemburg explicitly states that capitalism, despite wanting to take oer the world, requires other economic systems as a medium and soil.3 In these theories, then, capitalism ne eds non-capitalism. The world of classical imperialism (in which Europe and Northern American were made up of competing armies

The 2004 Elections in USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The 2004 Elections in ground forces - Essay ExampleMany issues were raised at this time including alleged obstacles in elector registration, voter suppression, and reliability of the voting machines in question along with racial discrimination. Minor issues like registration offices rejecting forms because they were not printed on a certain type of paper and other major issues like voter eligibility issues, voter suppression - a lot of voters were turned away in trepidation of voting for the opponent and so forth In A Note on the Presidential Election in Ohio, Dennis Kucinich said. Dirty tricks occurred across the state, including counterfeit letters from Boards of Elections telling people that their registration through some Democratic activist groups were invalid and that Kerry voters were to theme on Wednesday because of massive voter turnout. Phone calls to voters giving them erroneous polling information were also common clearly depicting the nefarious activities brimming d uring the elections.There were other instances like endless lines at voting move bringing about general discomfort for people trying to get their votes in as the substantial time balance went wrong for them. Moreover, road blocks put in place by the police were an wondrous hold back for people trying to access certain polling places.

An issue or problem at work from the perspective of an emplyee Essay - 1

An relinquish or problem at meet from the perspective of an emplyee - Essay ExampleAs employees of the company we work hard and we expect to get paid accordingly. The second problem that I want to bring to the card is the fact that during the past few weeks the workers have been receiving their weekly paychecks late. This situation puts a big(p) burden on the employees because often by not receiving their checks on time they dont have enough money to put bungle in the car to come to work and in their personal life they cant put nourishment and other items they need to survive due to the irresponsibility of the firm.These two problems have put a great burden on the relationship between the company and its employees. The company must have notice by now that the overall production at the firm has gone down as a issuing of the actions of the company. The company obviously cannot expect the workers to keep producing at a high level when all these problems argon dismission on. I ha ve personally talked to dozens of employees who have told me that they are seriously considering quitting their job because they smell the company does not care about their well being. The motivation of the workers is extremely low as a consequence of the actions of the company. These problems must be attended immediately otherwise a lot of employees are going to leave the company. It is in the best interest of the company to attend these issues in order raise employee esprit de corps and motivation. To resolve the situation I have some recommendations for the managerial staff of the company.If I was the manager in charge of the company I would have done things a lot differently. Once I recognize that bonuses could not be paid I would have communicated openly with the workers the root of the problem. Instead of using escape I would cooperate with the workers to find a reasonable resolution. For instance if the firm did not pay the bonuses because it could not afford it a solution was to offer the workers a new system that pays half the bonuses or up to $3 extra an hour. This

Argument Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument solvent - Essay ExampleThe point of bilingual education in part is to ease the transition of students whose premier(prenominal) language is not incline into the school setting, and while it top executive accomplish this goal, it leaves the students with more difficulty in the long run. As Le points out, it leaves the students inept in both languages to a certain degree.Les main audience seems to be non-minority citizens who might be voting in regards to bilingual schooling. He seems to be of the opinion that the push for bilingual schooling comes just as much from these position speaking citizens who tint that they should attempt to preserve the culture of non-English speaking students in schools. Le is of the opinion that one should learn ones native language and culture in home and not in school. There is in any case the difficulty of determining which second language should the subjects be taught in. Though the majority of non-English speaking students in the US m ight speak Spanish, there would still be some school districts where the majority of non-English speaking students might speak Chinese or some other language. The question then becomes how school districts can hurt any sort of regularity to them if they are all teaching in different languages. When all of the crabbed needs of every single group is attempted to be accommodated for, nobody ends up with what they really need.As far as points that Le made that werent as strong, he first points out English as being a difficult subject to learn. First, this is a matter of opinion, and isnt necessarily true. English does not have gendered nouns which make languages such as Spanish, French, and German difficult for English speakers. That doesnt yet begin to touch on the difficulty of learning a tone language such as Chinese. Secondly, it is not so much the language itself as it is the spelling system. English is in need of a spelling

Worst place to work(check attachment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Worst place to break(check attachment) - Essay Examplepartment of Asian pearl Seaford restaurant to ensure that distributively and every worker provides solution to the customers since it is not just how the restaurant serve the customers, but how a divine service is delivered to each and every customer (Murphy, 24-32).Asian Pearl Seaford Restaurant should know that when there is an increase to customer satisfaction, which comes as a result of creating an environment where teamwork is a top priority, this translates to exceed sales goals within a complete business cycle. Moreover, the leadership in the restaurant and its management especially the film director should understand that a right leader is a key to a great team and hence he should be willing to suspensor the employees where necessary through an essence of shoulder to shoulder as a create of morale.Some employees are new and lack experience to tackle customers complaints and therefore it is upon the manager to show th em the best approach they can use as one way of keeping the customers as well as protecting the dignity of the restaurant at large. Creativity is one term and saying that plays a role as far as coordination and effective communication is concerned. Effective communication is the back of all solution in the industry of service and when you overlook the essence many common problems starts arising.Deploying creativity helps to curb many obvious mistakes and this may be through Creating proper two-way contact policies which help you as a manager avoid staffing, scheduling, reservations, and order as well as catalog problems. unconstipated staff meetings should be availed to keep everyone on the same folio and review any existing trading operations in determination of each area where at least two people must work together by a virtue of aid. Once youve identified areas where problems could arise, you can be proactive in finding solutions which in turn translates into customers satis factions and profit maximization in business too.Summarily, kinetics and teamwork must be

Market Structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Market organize - Research Paper ExamplePERFECT COMPETITION Firms operating under correct competition fundamentally rest upon four primary assumptions, the first of which is that since there ar several firms operating under this toughie the significance of their end product from a perspective of the entire industry supply is unimportant which means that such(prenominal) firms do not have the capability to influence the monetary value of the return, therefore, at the market price perfect competition firms are said to experience short elastic demand. Henceforth, this phenomenon postulates that perfect competition firms are price takers (Mankiw, 2011). The second assumption of the archetype of perfect competition relates to the freedom of entry into the industry or whether there is existence of whatever barriers to entry or croak. In this scenario, new firms do not face any lack of restrictions if they wish to enter the industry, however, the concept of freedom of entry is sa id to be applicable in the long-run owing to the period it takes to establish an organization (Sloman, 2006). A fundamental assumption of the model relates to product homogeneity within the industry, this concept is based upon the idea that all businesses supply products that are uniform (Sloman, 2006). Lastly, it is sibylline that buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge regarding the market such as price, quality and costs. The profit maximizing output of the firm occurs at the intersection of Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue where, MC = MR (Sloman, 2006). Therefore, when P = MC firms in perfect competition are economically efficient, where allocative efficiency occurs when consumer as well as manufacturing business surplus is at its maximum and productive efficiency occurs because the firms vestibular sense output in the long-run is established where the businesses average cost is the least. The quantity of firms in the short run varies as firms forget or come into the ind ustry, if it is understood that the costs of the firms experience no change the exit of some firms lead lead to generation of abnormal profit or supernormal profit where ARAC. In the long-run however, the draw poker of abnormal profits will cause firms to enter the industry because of no barriers to entry or exit thereby, bringing the state of the market back to equilibrium at a point on the LRAC cut down which is the least, causing firms to make normal or zero economic profit such that the long-run equilibrium occurs where P = AR = LRAC = LRMC = MR (Stanlake & Grant, 2000). Due to obvious factors relating to the model of perfect competition it can be cogitate that most firms are not audacious in terms of taking risks. The instability of demand therefore, causes perfectly competitive firms to diversify which leads to intra-industry trade and if the condition of elastic demand is fulfilled such exchange of identical commodities on an international scale proves to be beneficial f or both the countries and firms involved (Cukrowski & Aksen, 2003). Hypothetically, the economic efficiency of perfectly competitive firms would indicate that government regulation is not required in such a model but in the short-run government intervention might be needed to control prices if firms are generating supernormal profits, however, the primary premise remains that in a perfectly competi

Linguistics and Language Teaching. Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and wording Teaching. EssayIntroduction Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of manner of speaking in any of its senses is called linguistics. Linguistic theory has traditionally considered ingrained speakers as the only reliable source of linguistic data (Chomsky 1965).It is wherefore not surprising to ? nd only a limited number of whole shebang focusing on non- primordial speakers prior to the 1990s. The ?rst attempt to put(non)nativism onto the centre stage of linguistic inquiry by challenging current undisputed assumptions on the matter was Paikedays (1985)The native speaker is dead , in which it is argued that the native speaker exists only as a ? gment of linguists imagination (Paikeday 1985 12). Paikeday suggested using the verge pro? cient user of a oral communication to refer to a ll speakers who digest successfully use it. A few years later, Rampton (1990) similarly proposed the term expert speaker to take on all successful users of a wording.Davies (1991, 2003) further delved into native speaker identity, and thus formulated the key question of whether a second speech communication (L2) learner can fit a native speaker of the target language. His conclusion was that L2 learners can become native speaker of the target language and master the intuition, grammar, spontaneity, creativity, pragmatic control, and interpreting attri exactlye of born native speakers. Generally, face educated Malayansians of all ethnic and family language background speak and move a wish well.However, with the implementation of the case language policy of Bahasa Malaysia as the national language of Malaysia and as the language of instruction, (except in the cases of Chinese or Tamil medium primary shoals), the status of face Language in Malaysia is una cargon from the e arlier years.The position language covered a continuum from start language through second language to a unusual language. Bahasa Malaysia is replacing English in most of its previous functions, but English may be expect to remain as a continuum from second language to foreign language according to the background and blood line of the speaker.In Malaysia, presently the use of English is less common than in Singapore and is likely to slump steadily with the implementation of the national language policy. However, English still remains as a language of considerable importance and is still being utilise in various spheres of every(prenominal)day activity. The role of English has changed from its earlier status as the precise language of the colonial era and the decades after the Second existence War to a second language.At the moment, it is still considered as an international code to be used for diplomatic and commercial negotiations and as a language necessary in many fields o f ordinal study and research. Not surprisingly, the non-native English language speakers among Malaysians take up grammatical mistakes from clip to time. These usually happened among Malaysian self-aggrandising students and even among some Malaysian English teachers. 1. The transcript of a recorded conversation. The following excerpt is a recorded conversation among teachers and will be analysed of the mistakes made by some teachers during discussion.Our discussion was on the quality and effectiveness of a programme called Program Penutur Jati or English Language Teacher Development forecast (ELTP). Briefly, the aim of the project is to enhance the lower primary ESL teachers ability to plan and deliver quality English lessons based on the new National English Language Curriculum in 600 schools across east Malaysia. The teachers involved in discussion come from various races, ethnic groups, ages and teaching experiences. Kamel That is my opinion. I slangt ac bonkledge yours. Ok. president I agree . laugh Kamel But , as I said just now now.I dont like that the fixture.. ok. For example aaaa as my instruct come to our school .. every Monday ok.. my mark start at nine oclock. 7. 30.. that consider one and half hour accept the preparation for my lesson, so I dont think that I have an ample time for me to prep atomic number 18 the things ok . Moreover, the one hour and one and half hour is the .. for all to prepare.. the whole calendar week not only , the one day. So I dont think that will be effective. Chairperson Emmmm Kamel So Chairperson Did you tell him around it? Kamel Aaaaaa So far not yet. Chairperson Do you have the chance to talk about it.Kamel Because, I dont have any.. I dont have the opportunity to.. Chairperson Then, you should tell him. Kamel I was thinking. Why dont the mentors like them to be .. have qualification in teaching, so that they can come to the trainee teachers training college rather than Chairperson For your i nformation, ahh Chairperson Overall, it seems to be working with you Naga The ideas (cough) is good and different he is friendly. Chairperson So.. ahh. If supposing .. You have a mentor to this.. who doesnt speak.. doesnt speak like Morrocan.Alright Naemah Yehhh Chairperson Right.. Alright, if.. Chairperson Who? Chairperson Madam soya bean? She is from where? Others Bulgaria.. (together) Chairperson Bulgaria? Does she have the accent? Chairperson What do you think? Do you think 2. Common grammatical mistakes and errors by non-native English speakers. The types of errors can be categorised into two descriptive and surface structures. Descriptive errors include noun phrase, verb phrase and complex sentence. While surface structure errors include thoughtlessness, addition, misinformation, misordering and blends.After analysing the recorded conversation, there are few mistakes or errors made by Mr. Kamel during the said discussion. a. The use of unmarked forms instead of marke d forms is far more frequent, as can be seen in the examples as follows. * I dont know yours. * I dont know about you. * .. as I said just now. * .. as I have said just now. One possible cause of these errors is merely interlingual errors which is the result of puzzle tongue influences Saya tak tahu awak punya and seperti yang saya kata tadi. respectively.In his article, A Role for the Mother Tongue in Language Transfer in Language Learning, Professor Corder (1981) reinvestigated the phenomenon and questions the term transfer of training. He suggests that mother tongue influence as a neutral and broader term to refer to what has most ordinarily been called transfer. Corder says that since most studies of error were made on the basis of the performance of learners in formal situations where it appears that errors related to mother tongue are more frequent, it was inseparable that an explanation of the phenomenon was of considerable concern to the applied linguistic.It was out o f this concern that the whole industry of contrastive studies arose. He also claims that as far as the scholarship of syntactic knowledge is concerned, no do by appropriately called interference takes place, if by that we mean that the mother tongue actually inhibits, prevents, or makes more difficult the acquisition of some feature of the target language. The term interference is now most often used to mean what is no more than the presence in the learners performance in the target language of mother-tongue-like features which are incorrect according to the governs of the target language.b. Obviously. Mr. Kamel has the problem in pronouncing certain delivery especially in the pronunciation of the initial strong of common words like the, there, then and that. It is also the middle concordant sound in feather and the final sound of bathe. These sounds are formed with the tongue tip lavatory the upper front teeth. The initial sound of that and the final sound of both are both severe dental. This problem arises because Mr Kamels tongue is not merely touches the teeth. Thus, his pronunciation of these particular words are incorrect.Besides, worry in phonology can caused by mother tongue interference. Eltrug (1984) affirmed that mother tongue interference can contribute to a large number of pronunciation errors made by students. An English sound does exist in the native language, but not as separate phonemes. This simply means the first language speakers do not perceive it as a distinct sound that makes difference to implication. For example The sound /? / does exist in Malay, but whether the vowel is long or short does not make any difference in signification.For instance, the English phonemes/? / and /i/ differ very much in meaning as in the words leave and live, sheep and ship. The great amount of vocabulary of English really makes the second language learner suffer in reading. There is a lot of words unknown and the most confusing point is even the second language learner know the meaning but they cant really understand the meaning of the whole sentence. It is because an English word gives different impressions in different situations. This makes things so confusing about the meaning of the word.Grammatical interference is define as the first language influencing the second in terms of word order, use of pronouns and determinants, tense and mood. Interference at a lexical level provides for the borrowing of words from one language and converting them to sound more essential in another and orthographic interference includes the spelling of one language altering another. In Malay grammar, it does not require one to have any form of determiner in front of instruments like computer, mild, internet.English grammar, however, requires the instruments mentioned above (computer, piano, internet) to be preceded by determiners and if neither a possessive determiner nor a gushing(prenominal) determiner is used, the use of either a def inite article or an indefinite article is necessary. Thus, the ill-formed sentences in could be the result of interference of the cultural transfer from Malay language structure on English. Erroneous form Correct form She plays piano while I sing. Malay Dia bermain piano sementara saya menyanyi. She plays the piano while I sing She stay at home.Malay Dia tinggal di rumah She stays at home. Table 1 Examples of interference from the learners first language. c. Subjects also exhibited errors in subject-verb agreement as is shown in the examples as follows * Every Monday, my class start at nine oclock. * Every Monday, my class starts at nine oclock. The omission of -s can be attributed to the fact that Bahasa Malaysia does not require verbs to agree with subjects. However, the ending free form is mouth for all persons to make the learning task easier and this is a common intralingual made by people with different native languages like Mr Kamel.3. Causes and sources of errors and mistakes Interlingual errors are the result of mother tongue influences. Learners transfer/borrow some forms but not others due to two factors such as proto-typicality and language distance (Kellerman, 1979). Malay learners of English commonly make errors in negative sentences. For example Adryna no coming today. Adryna tak datang hari ini. Such errors are common in pre-verbal negation using no, the same negative construction as in their L1.In order to determine whether transfer is the cause for the occurrence of errors, James (1998), demonstrates that learners with a particular L1 make an error that those with a different L1 do not. He provides a useful summary of these strategies which includes the following a. False analogy b. Misanalysis c. Incomplete rule employment exploiting redundancy d. Overlooking co-occurrence restrictions e. System-simplification It is not clear which strategy is responsible for a particular error. Errors can also be viewed as natural or as induced. F or example a. He play football yesterday.b. He goed home at six. c. He drinked milk. d. He eated dinner. e. He sleeped at eight. Conclusion To conclude, learners errors are a part of the learners language learning process. Hence, teachers should not penalise students for the errors they made. Instead, teachers should note those errors and devise ways to take to heart learners to overcome their problems in language learning. It is difficult to decide whether grammatically or acceptability should serve as the criterion for error analysis. If grammatically is chosen, an error can be defined as breach of the rule of the code (Corder, 1967).Defining errors in terms of grammatically also necessitates giving consideration to the distinction betwixt overt and covert error In the field of methodology, there are two schools of thought with move to learners error. Firstly, the school which maintains that if we were to achieve a perfect teaching method, the errors would have never be committ ed and therefore the occurrence of errors is merely a sign of inadequacy in our teaching techniques. The philosophy of the second school is that we live in an imperfect world and consequently errors will always occur in elicit of our very take up teaching and learningmethods.One effect has been perhaps to shift the emphasis away(p) from a preoccupation with teaching towards a study of learning. The differences between the two are clearly defined that the learning of the mother tongue is natural, whereas, we all know that there is no such inevitability about the learning of a second language that the learning of the mother tongue is part of the whole maturational process of the child, whilst learning a second language normally begins only after the maturational process is complete.A childs incorrect utterances can be interpreted as being severalise that he is in the process of acquiring language and the errors provide these evidences. Brown and Frazer (1964), point out that the b est evidence a child possesses construction rules is the occurrence of systematic errors, since when the child speaks correctly, it is quite possible that he is only repeating something that he has heard. In the case of the second language learner, it is known that we do know some knowledge of what the input has been which we call as the syllabus.The simple fact of presenting a certain linguistic form to a learner in the classroom does not necessarily qualify it for the status of input, for the conclude that input is what goes in, not what is available for going in, and we may reasonably suppose that it is the learner who controls this input. This may well be determined by the characteristics of his language acquisition mechanism and not by those of the syllabus. References Mariam Mohd Nor, Abdul Halim Ibrahim, Shubbiah, R (2008). OUM-Linguistics and Language Teaching. Seri Kembangan, Selangor.Open University Malaysia. Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learners errors. Inte rnational Review of Applied Linguistics, 5, 161-70. Corder, S. P. (1981). Error analysis and interlanguage. Oxford Oxford University Press. Ames, C. (1998). Errors in language learning and use Exploring error analysis. London Longman. Kellerman, E. (1979). Transfer and non-transfer Where are we now? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2 37-57. Eltrug, N. S. (1984). Analysis of the Arab Learners Errors in Pronunciation of English Utterances in Isolation and Context.Ph. D Dissertation. The University of Kansas. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of phrase structure . Cambridge, MA MIT Press Paikeday, T. (1985). The native speaker is dead Toronto Paikeday Publishing. Rampton, M. B. H. (1990). Displacing the native speaker Expertise, af? liation, and inheritance. ELT Journal 44. 2, 97101. Davies, A. (1991). The native speaker in applied linguistics . Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. Davies, A. (2003). The native speaker of World Englishes. Journal of Pan-Paci? c joinin g of Applied Linguistics 6. 1, 4360